Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Towards eradication of peste des petits ruminants: post-vaccination evaluation in sheep and goats in Southern Peninsular India

  • Original Article
  • Published:
VirusDisease Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The cross-sectional seroprevalence study of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats was carried out in the Southern Peninsular region of India to ascertain the prevalence of PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies at the epidemiological units (epi-units) level in the small ruminant population. The serum samples were collected from various epi-units (villages) in the different states and union territory (UT) in Southern Peninsular region using a stratified random sampling methodology from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 6643 serum samples [sheep (n = 2785) and goats (n = 3858)] were collected from 360 epi-units and were screened by PPR competitive ELISA kit for the detection of PPRV antibodies. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminants in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala states, and Puducherry UT was 87.0%, 66.4%, 64.3%, 47.8%, 11.4%, and 50.4%, respectively in the studied region. Further, the results of the chi-squared test revealed that the PPRV antibodies across different states and UT in the region were associated (sheep-χ2 = 218.8, p < 0.01; goats-χ2 = 827.1, p < 0.01), as all the states and UT adopted the PPR vaccination programme. The study also implies that the small ruminants in some of the epi-units (n = 102) had < 30% seroprevalence, which necessitates comprehensive intensive vaccination and active surveillance programmes to make this region as PPR free zone.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Acharya N, Poudel SP, Acharya KP. Cross-sectional sero-prevalence study of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats of Syangja and Kaski districts of Nepal. Virusdisease. 2018;29:173–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Al-Majali AM, Hussain NO, Amarin NM, Majok AA. Seroprevalence of, and risk factors for, Peste des Petits Ruminants in sheep and goats in Northern Jordan. Prev Vet Med. 2008;85:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Almeshay MD, Gusbi A, Eldaghayes I, Mansouri R, Bengoumi M, Dayhum AS. An epidemological study on Peste des petits ruminants in Tripoli Region, Lybia. Vet Ital. 2017;53:235–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Anonymous ICAR-NIVEDI. Annual report 2018–2019. Bengaluru: ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); 2019. p. 17–18. https://nivedi.res.in/reports.

  5. Anonymous ICAR-NIVEDI. Annual report 2019. Bengaluru: ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); 2020. p. 16. https://nivedi.res.in/reports.

  6. Balamurugan V, Govindaraj GN, Rahman H. Planning, implementation of peste des petits ruminants control programme and strategies adopted for disease control in India. Br J Virol. 2016;3:53–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Balamurugan V, Hemadri D, Gajendragad MR, Singh RK, Rahman H. Diagnosis and control of peste des petits ruminants: a comprehensive review. Virusdisease. 2014;25:39–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Balamurugan V, Muthuchelvan D, Govindaraj G, Roy G, Sharma V, Sowjanya Kumari S, Choudhary D, Mohanty BS, Suresh KP, Rajak KK, Hemadri D, Roy P. Serosurvey for assessing PPR vaccination status in rural system of Chhattisgarh state of India. Small Ruminant Res. 2018;165:87–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Balamurugan V, Saravanan P, Sen A, Rajak KK, Bhanuprakash V, Krishnamoorthy P, Singh RK. Sero-epidemiological study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in India between 2003 and 2009. Rev Sci Tech. 2011;30:889–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Balamurugan V, Saravanan P, Sen A, Rajak KK, Venkatesan G, Krishnamoorthy P, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK. Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants among sheep and goats in India. J Vet Sci. 2012;13:279–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, Kumar KV, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Kumar P, Hemadri D, Roy P. Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in Eastern India. VirusDisease. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00574-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, SowjanyaKumari S, Kumar KV, Suresh KP, Govindaraj G, Sunder J, Hemadri D, Roy P. Cross-sectional seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in goats in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Small Rum Res. 2019;178:111–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, SowjanyaKumari S, Vinod Kumar K, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants in small ruminants in the North Eastern Region of India. Vet Ital. 2020;56:55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Vinod Kumar K, Muthuchelvan D, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India. Vet World. 2020;13:1573–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dayhum A, Sharif M, Eldaghayes I, Kammon A, Calistri P, Danzetta ML, Di Sabatino D, Petrini A, Ferrari G, Grazioli S, Pezzoni G, Brocchi E. Sero-prevalence and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in Libya. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65:e48-54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Faris D, Yilkal A, Berhe G, Kelay B. Seroprevalence and sero-conversion after vaccination against Peste des Petits Ruminants in sheep and goats from Awash Fentale District, Afar, Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med. 2012;103:157–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Fournié G, Waret-Szkuta A, Camacho A, Yigezu LM, Pfeiffer DU, Roger F. A dynamic model of transmission and elimination of peste des petits ruminants in Ethiopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci India. 2018;115:8454.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Govindaraj GN, Balamurugan V, Rahman H. Estimation of economic loss of PPR in sheep and goats in India: an annual incidence based analysis. Br J Virol. 2016;3:77–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Govindaraj GN, Roy G, Mohanty BS, Balamurugan V, Pandey AK, Sharma V, Patel A, Mehra M, Pandey SK, Roy P. Evaluation of effectiveness of mass vaccination campaign against peste des petits ruminants in Chhattisgarh state, India. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66:1349–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hegde R, Gomes AR, Muniyellappa HK, Byregowda SM, Giridhar P, Renukaprasad C. A short note on peste des petits ruminants in Karnataka, India. Rev Sci Tech. 2009;28:1031–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. MeitY. Agro Climatic zones in India. Hyderabad, India: Center for Development of Advanced Computing, Ministry of Elecronics and information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. 2020. https://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/weather-information/agro-climatic-zones-in-inida.

  22. OIE FAO. Annexe 3.4. Post vaccination evaluation tool. 2015. p. 1–32. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4460e.pdf.

  23. OIE FAO. Manual on global strategy for the control and eradication of Pesti des petits ruminants. 2015. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4460e.pdf.

  24. Raghavendra AG, Gajendragad MR, Sengupta PP, Patil SS, Tiwari CB, Balumahendiran M, Sankri V, Prabhudas K. Seroepidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats of southern peninsular India. Rev Sci Tech. 2008;27:861–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Singh RK, Balamurugan V, Bhanuprakash V, Sen A, Saravanan P, Pal Yadav M. Possible control and eradication of peste des petits ruminants from India: technical aspects. Vet Ital. 2009;45:449–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Singh RP, Bandyopadhyay SK. Peste des petits ruminants vaccine and vaccination in India: sharing experience with disease endemic countries. Virusdisease. 2015;26:215–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Singh RP, Saravanan P, Sreenivasa BP, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Prevalence and distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus infection in small ruminants in India. Rev Sci Tech. 2004;23:807–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Singh RP, Sreenivasa BP, Dhar P, Shah LC, Bandyopadhyay SK. Development of a monoclonal antibody based competitive-ELISA for detection and titration of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus. Vet Microbiol. 2004;98:3–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods (Indian Edition). Oxford: IBH Publishing; 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Srireesha S, Krishna Jyothi Y, Jyothi N, Hanmanth GR. Strategic control of PPR disease in Andhra Predesh. In: National confrence on PPR disease: “control of PPR diseases: challenges and opportunities”. 2014.

  31. Thrushfield M. Veterinary epidemiology. 3rd ed. Ames: Blackwell Publishing; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India for providing facilities and financial support of the institute project (IXX14475) and the ICAR-NIVEDI staff for their constant support and encouragement always. The authors also thank the AICRP on ADMAS of Southern states and UT collaborating center of ICAR-NIVEDI, for sending the serum samples for regular surveys to monitor the status of livestock diseases in the country as well as for providing information about the status of PPR-CP for this study. The authors are thankful for all the Southern states and UT’s Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services Departments and their officials, field veterinarians, para-veterinarians for their assistance during samples/data collection in the survey and their kind help and co-operation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India

    V. Balamurugan, B. Varghese, S. SowjanyaKumari, K. Vinod Kumar, R. Dheeraj, G. Govindaraj, K. P. Suresh, D. Hemadri & P. Roy

  2. Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

    D. Muthuchelvan

Authors
  1. V. Balamurugan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. Varghese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Muthuchelvan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. SowjanyaKumari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K. Vinod Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. R. Dheeraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. G. Govindaraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. K. P. Suresh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. D. Hemadri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. P. Roy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. Balamurugan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical standards

The manuscript does not contain animal experimental trials. No ethical clearance is required for collecting small volumes of blood samples required for seroepidemiological studies, as per CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals) guidelines. Moreover, samples were collected by well-trained veterinarians concerning animal welfare regulations.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

13337_2020_630_MOESM1_ESM.docx

District-wise details of the prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in various states are given in Supplementary material (Tables S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6) for Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry respectively, in the studied region. (DOCX 42 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Balamurugan, V., Varghese, B., Muthuchelvan, D. et al. Towards eradication of peste des petits ruminants: post-vaccination evaluation in sheep and goats in Southern Peninsular India. VirusDis. 31, 539–548 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00630-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00630-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation