Skip to main content
Log in

Teaching and assessing communication skills in medical undergraduate training

  • Medical Education
  • Published:
Indian Pediatrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Good communication skills are essential for an optimal doctor-patient relationship, and also contribute to improved health outcomes. Although the need for training in communication skills is stated as a requirement in the 1997 Graduate Medical Education Regulations of the Medical Council of India, formal training in these skills has been fragmentary and non-uniform in most Indian curricula. The “Vision 2015” document of the Medical Council of India reaffirms the need to include training in communication skills in the MBBS curriculum. Training in communication skills needs approaches which are different from that of teaching other clinical subjects. It is also a challenge to ensure that students not only imbibe the nuances of communication and interpersonal skills, but adhere to them throughout their careers. This article addresses the possible ways of standardizing teaching and assessment of communication skills and integrating them into the existing curriculum.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Deveugele M, Derese A, De Maesschalck S, Willems S, van Driel M, De Maeseneer J. Teaching communication skills to medical students, a challenge in the curriculum? Patient Educ Couns. 2005;58:265–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Rider EA, Hinrichs MM, Lown BA. A model for communication skills assessment across the undergraduate curriculum. Med Teach. 2006;28:127–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Laidlaw A, Hart J. Communication skills: An essential component of medical curricula. Part I: Assessment of clinical communication: AMEE Guide No.51. Med Teach. 2011;33:6–8.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Tamblyn R, Abrahamowicz M, Dauphinee D, Wenghover E, Jacques A, Klass D, et al. Physician scores on a national clinical skills examination as predictors of complaints to medical regulatory authorities. J Am Med Assoc. 2007;298:993–1001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Shendurnikar N, Thakkar PA. Communication skills to ensure patient satisfaction. Indian J Pediatr. 2013;80: 938–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rowland-Morin PA, Carroll JG. Verbal communication skills and patient satisfaction. Eval Health Prof. 1990;13:168–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Silverman J, Kinnersley P. Doctors’ non-verbal behavior in consultations: look at the patient before you look at the computer. Br J Gen Pract. 2010;60:76–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Mehta PN. Communication skills–Talking to parents. Indian Pediatr. 2008; 45:300–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Anshu, Singh T. The art of talking to patients. In: Patwari AK, Sachdev HPS (editors) Frontiers in Social Pediatrics. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2016. p.199–209.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Aspegren K, Lonberg-Madsen P. Which basic communication skills in medicine are learnt spontaneously and which need to be taught and trained? Med Teach. 2005;27:539–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gaufberg EH, Batalden M, Sands R, Bell SK. The hidden curriculum: What can we learn from third-year medical student narrative reflections? Acad Med. 2010;85:1710–6.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Benbassat J. Undesirable features of the medical learning environment: A narrative review of the literature. Adv Health SciEduc Theory Pract. 2013;18: 527–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Laidlaw TS, MacLeod H, Kaufman DM, Langille DB, Sargeant J. Implementing a communication skills programme in medical school: Needs assessment and programme change. Med Educ. 2002;36:115–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Learning objectives for medical student education. Medical School Objectives Project. Washington DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Simpson J, Furnace J, Crosby J, Cumming A, Evans P, Friedman M, et al. The Scottish doctor–learning outcomes for the medical undergraduate in Scotland: A foundation for competent and reflective practice. Med Teach. 2002;24:136–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. General Medical Council. Tomorrow’s doctors: Outcomes and standards for undergraduate medical education. London: GMC. 2009. Available from: http://www.gmcuk.org/Tomorrow_s_Doctors_1214.pdf_48905759.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Keller V, Carroll JG. A new model for physician-patient communication. Patient Educ Couns. 1994;23:131–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Novack DH, Dube C, Goldstein MG. Teaching medical interviewing: a basic course on interviewing and the physician -patient relationship. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1814–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kurtz SM, Silverman JD. The Calgary-Cambridge referenced observation guides: An aid to defining the curriculum and organizing the teaching in communication training programmes. Med Educ. 1996;30:83–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Stewart M, Brown JB, Weston WW, Mc Whinney IR, Mc William CL, Freeman TR. Patient-Centered Medicine: Transforming the Clinical Method. Thousand Oaks, 3rdedn, London: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd;2014.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Makoul G. Communication research in medical education. In: Jackson L, Duffy BK (eds). Health Communication Research: A Guide to Developments and Directions. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 1998. p.17–35.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Makoul G. Essential elements of communication in medical encounters: the Kalamazoo consensus statement. Acad Med. 2001;76:390–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. General Competencies: ACGME Outcome Project 2001. Available from: http://umm.edu/professionals/gme/competencies. Accessed October 3, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  24. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. The Can MEDS 2005 Physician Competency Framework. Ottawa, Canada. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 2005. Available from: http://www.royalcollege.ca/portal/page/portal/rc/common/documents/canmeds/resources/publications/framework_full_e.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  25. Regulations on Graduate Medical Education 1997. Medical Council of India. Available from: http://www.mciindia.org/Rules-and-Regulation/GME_REGULATIONS.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sood R, Adkoli BV. Medical education in India-Problems and prospects. J Indian Acad Clin Med. 2000;1:210–2.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Verma M, Singh T. Communication skills for clinical practice: Fad or necessity? Indian Pediatr. 1994;31:237–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chhatwal J. Creating a demand for communication skills training in India. Med Educ. 2009;43:478.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Supe AN. Interns’ perspective about communicating bad news to patients: A qualitative study. Educ Health. 2011;24:541.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Choudhary A, Gupta V. Teaching communication skills to medical students: Introducing the fine art of medical practice. Int J App Basic Med Res. 2015;5:41–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Vision 2015. Medical Council of India. 2011. Available from:http://www.mciindia.org/tools/announcement/ MCI_booklet.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2015.

  32. van Dalen J, Kerkhofs E, van Knippenberg-van Den Berg BW, van Den Hout HA, Scherpbier AJ, van der Vleuten CPM. Longitudinal and concentrated communication skills programmes: Two Dutch medical schools compared. Adv Health Sci Educ Theor Pract. 2002; 7:29–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Medical Council of India. Sensitization Program on Attitude and Communication Module (AT-COM). MCI decisions on MET. 2015. Available from: http://www.mciindia.org/fdp/MCI_decisions_on_MET.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rosenbaum ME, Ferguson KJ, Lobas JG. Teaching medical students and residents skills for delivering bad news: A review of strategies. Acad Med. 2004;79:107–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Brown RF, Bylund CL. Communication skills training: Describing a new conceptual model. Acad Med. 2008;83:37–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Aspegren K. BEME Guide no. 2: Teaching and learning communication skills in medicine–a review with quality grading of articles. Med Teach. 1999;2: 563–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Shapiro SM, Lancee WJ, Richards-Bentley CM. Evaluation of a communication skills program for first-year medical students at the University of Toronto. BMC Med Educ. 2009;9:11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Rees C, Sheard C, McPherson A. Medical students’ views and experiences of methods of teaching and learning communication skills. Patient Educ Couns. 2004;54: 119–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hurtubise L, Martin B, Gilliland A, Mahan J. To play or not to play: Leveraging video in medical education. J Grad Med Educ. 2013;5:13–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Linssen T, van Dalen J, Rethans JJ. Simulating the longitudinal doctor-patient relationship: experiences of simulated patients in successive consultations. Med Educ. 2007;41:873–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Liew SC, Dutta S, Sidhu JK, De-Alwis R, Chen N, Sow CF, et al. Assessors for communication skills: Simulated patients or healthcare professionals? Med Teach. 2014;36:626–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Jackson, VA, Back AL, Teaching communication skills using role-play: An experience based guide for educators. J Palliat Med. 2011;14:775–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Luttenberger K, Graessel E, Simon C, Donath C. From board to bedside-training the communication competencies of medical students with role plays. BMC Med Educ. 2014;14:135.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Anderson AD, Dow AW. Teaching empathy to physicians. In: Scapaleti DJ, editor. The Psychology of Empathy. New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2011. p.267–80.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Gupta S, Agrawal A, Singh S, Singh N. Theatre of the oppressed in medical humanities education: The road less travelled. Indian J Med Ethics. 2013;10: 200–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. D’ Ardis M. Forum theatre for practice simulation and skills development in nurse education: A student’s perspective. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34:1136–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Middlewick Y, Kettle TJ, Wilson JJ. Curtains up! Using forum theatre to rehearse the art of communication in healthcare education. Nurse Educ Pract. 2012;12:139–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dasgupta S. Between stillness and story: lessons of children’s illness narratives. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e 1384-91.

  49. McNeilly P, Read S, Price J. The use of biographies and stories in paediatric palliative care education. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2008;14:402–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Epner DE, Baile WF. Wooden’s pyramid: Building a hierarchy of skills for successful communication. Med Teach. 2011;33: 39–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Salvatori P, Mahoney P, Delottinville C. An interprofessional communication skills lab: A pilot project. Educ Health. 2006;19:380–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Acad Med. 1990:65:S63–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Baig LA, Violato C, Crutcher RA. Assessing clinical communication skills in physicians: are the skills context specific or generalizable? BMC Med Educ. 2009;9:22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Schirmer JM, Mauksch L, Lang F, Marvel MK, Zoppi K, Epstein RM, et al Assessing communication competence: A review of current tools. Fam Med. 2005;37:184–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Gupta P, Dewan P, Singh T. Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) revisited. Indian Pediatr. 2010;47:911–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Singh T, Sharma M. Mini-clinical examination (CEX) as a tool for formative assessment. Natl Med J India. 2010; 23:100–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Shankar PR, Dubey AK, Mishra P, Deshpande VY, Chandrashekhar TS, Shivananda PG. Student attitudes towards communication skills training in a medical college in Western Nepal. Educ Health. 2006;19:71–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Bylund CL, Brown RF, diCoccone BL, Levin TT, Gueguen JA, Hill C, et al. Training faculty to facilitate communication skills training: development and evaluation of workshop. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;70:430–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bird J, Hall A, Maguire P, Heavy A. Workshops for consultants on teaching of clinical communication skills. Med Educ. 1993; 27:181–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Essers G, van Weel-Baumgarten E, Bolhuis S. Mixed messages in learning communication skills? Students comparing role model behavior in clerkships with formal training. Med Teach. 2012;34:e659–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tejinder Singh.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Modi, J.N., Anshu, Chhatwal, J. et al. Teaching and assessing communication skills in medical undergraduate training. Indian Pediatr 53, 497–504 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-016-0879-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-016-0879-z

Keywords

Navigation