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Individual and combined effects of fluoride and arsenic on gut bacteria: a recent update

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Abstract

Organisms are exposed to multiple toxicants in their surroundings in the increasingly contaminated complex environment. Such toxic exposures are observed to trigger complex biological responses that might or might not be identical to the responses elicited by individual exposures of the same toxicants. Two notable water contaminants, fluoride (F) and arsenic (As) are present worldwide and pose threat to organisms. These contaminants are consumed via contaminated water, drugs, toothpastes, cosmetics etc. Symbiotic microbiota dwelling in the gastrointestinal tract, are the key modulators of host health. Number of reports have concluded that F and As can alter the gut bacterial homeostasis, leading to the deterioration of host health. All the vital bodily systems including digestive, cardiovascular, nervous, reproductive and renal, are getting affected due to the alteration of gut bacteria. This scenario surely hints towards a complex association between toxicants, gut microbiota and host health. Taking into consideration, the present review intends to focus on individual and combined effects of F and As on the perturbation of gut bacteria of different organisms with special emphasis on the effect on human health.

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Abbreviations

As2O3 :

Arsenic trioxide

As:

Arsenic

c-AMP:

Cyclic-adenosine monophosphate

DMA:

Dimethyl arsinic acid

F:

Fluoride

GSH:

Glutathione

HF:

Hydrogen fluoride

MGBB:

Microbiota-gut-blood barrier

MMA:

Monomethyl arsonic acid

MVA:

Mevalonic acid

NaAsO2 :

Sodium arsenite

NaF:

Sodium fluoride

OTUs:

Operative taxonomical groups

SCFAs:

Short chain fatty acids

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

ZO:

Zonula occludens

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Funding

The authors acknowledge the Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati for providing infrastructural support. Miss. Sunanda Mukherjee expresses her gratitude to DST-INSPIRE (No.DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2019/IF190941) fellowship for the financial assistance. Miss Olivia Sarkar is thankful to DST-INSPIRE (No. DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2021/IF210118) for providing financial support.

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  1. Toxicology and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India

    Sunanda Mukherjee, Olivia Sarkar & Ansuman Chattopadhyay

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  1. Sunanda Mukherjee
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  2. Olivia Sarkar
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  3. Ansuman Chattopadhyay
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S.M. wrote the manuscript and designed the diagram. O.S. checked and revised the manuscript. A.C. provided suggestions and revised the manuscript for final submission.

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Correspondence to Ansuman Chattopadhyay.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this review.

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Corresponding Editor: Umesh C. Lavania; Reviewers: Pallab Shaw, Debasish Bandyopadhyay.

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Mukherjee, S., Sarkar, O. & Chattopadhyay, A. Individual and combined effects of fluoride and arsenic on gut bacteria: a recent update. Nucleus (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-023-00460-4

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