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Lactarius volemus sensu lato (Russulales) from northern Thailand: morphological and phylogenetic species concepts explored

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Abstract

Lactarius volemus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. is a well known and morphologically easily recognizable milkcap of the Northern hemisphere, forming ectomycorrhiza with both deciduous and coniferous trees. It was originally described from Europe, but is also reported in other continents. Although it is characterized by several unique macro- and micromorphological features, substantial variation in colour, lamellae spacing and changing and staining of the latex has been recorded and it is therefore considered as a putatively unresolved species complex. This study explores the concordance between morphological and phylogenetic species concepts within L. volemus sensu lato of northern Thailand, combining a critical morphological scrutiny with a multiple gene genealogy based on LSU, ITS and rpb2 nuclear sequences. Twelve strongly supported monophyletic clades and six terminal branches are discernable in all phylogenetic trees and represent 18 phylogenetic species. Six of the monophyletic clades can be morphologically distinguished and are described as new species: L. acicularis, L. crocatus, L. distantifolius, L. longipilus, L. pinguis and L. vitellinus. Five other clades also show some morphological differences, but these are too subtle and do not allow for a clear-cut species delimitation without the corroboration of molecular data. Lactarius volemus sensu lato of northern Thailand is therefore still considered as a partially cryptic species complex. Pleurolamprocystidia, pileipellis hairs and to a lesser degree also pileus colour are important diagnostic characteristics. Spore morphology, latex discoloration and pileus surface texture are less useful as diagnostic features. Whether this rich diversity is the result of in situ Pleistocene survival or post-glacial expansion and subsequent radiation, has yet to be revealed.

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Acknowledgements

The first author is supported by the “Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds Ghent University” (BOF). The NFS grant (DEB-0118776) of Prof. Dennis Desjardin made it possible for H.T. Le to conduct her research in Thailand. We would like to express our gratitude to all who provided collections for this research and helped during the fieldwork: Ruben Walleyn, Else Vellinga, Dennis Desjardin, Samantha Karunarathna, Phongeun Sysouphanthong, Jian Kui-Liu, Rui-Lin Zhao and Michael Pilkington. We wish to acknowledge Prof. Kevin Hyde and Mae Fah Luang University, and Dr. Saisamorn Lumyong of Chiang Mai University for providing a Material Transfer Agreement that allowed removal of fungal specimens from Thailand. We would like to thank Heroen Verbruggen for providing the script for calculating MrBayes burn-in values and convergence times and the comments on the MrBayes analyses. Andy Vierstraete is acknowledged for the comments on the DNA-extraction protocol. The National Botanical Garden of Belgium is thanked for the use of the scanning electron microscope and in particular Myriam de Haan for assisting in taking the photographs. Finally, we would like to thank the reviewers for their comments.

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  1. Research group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Kobeke Van de Putte, Jorinde Nuytinck, Dirk Stubbe & Annemieke Verbeken

  2. Faculty of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, 41A Street K1, Cau Dien, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Huyen Thanh Le

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  1. Kobeke Van de Putte
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  2. Jorinde Nuytinck
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Correspondence to Kobeke Van de Putte.

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix Pileus colour, spore measurements, pleuromacrocystidia measurements and length of pileipellis hairs of the morphologically examined collections. All measurements are shown in micrometer (μm)
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Van de Putte, K., Nuytinck, J., Stubbe, D. et al. Lactarius volemus sensu lato (Russulales) from northern Thailand: morphological and phylogenetic species concepts explored. Fungal Diversity 45, 99–130 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0070-0

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