Abstract
Digera muricata L., commonly known as Tartara, is an edible herb used as traditional medicine in many countries of Africa and Asia. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a phytosterol-rich extract of D. muricata on 7-ketocholesterol-mediated atherosclerosis in macrophages. The extract was examined by phytochemical analyses, GC–MS, TLC, DPPH scavenging and hRBC membrane stabilization assays. Macrophage polarization was studied with experimental groups framed based on alamar blue cell viability and griess assays. Regulations of arginase enzyme activity, ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane integrity, pinocytosis, lipid uptake and peroxidation, as well as, intracellular calcium deposition were determined. In addition, expressions of atherogenic mediators were analysed using PCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry techniques. Diverse phytochemicals with higher free radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory potential have been detected in the D. muricata. Co-treatment with D. muricata markedly reduced the atherogenic responses induced by 7KCh in the presence of LPS such as ROS, especially, NO and O2− along with lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, D. muricata significantly normalized mitochondrial membrane potential, cell membrane integrity, pinocytic activity, intracellular lipid accumulation and calcium deposition. These results provided us with the potentiality of D. muricata in ameliorating atherogenesis. Additionally, it decreased the expression of pro-atherogenic mediators (iNOS, COX-2, MMP9, IL-6, IL-1β, CD36, CD163 and TGFβ1) and increased anti-atherogenic mediators (MRC1 and PPARγ) with high cellular expressions of NF-κB and iNOS. Results showed the potential of sitosterol-rich D. muricata as a versatile biomedical therapeutic agent against abnormal macrophage polarization and its associated pathologies.
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We acknowledge the Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus for providing all the support and necessary facilities for performing this study. We greatly acknowledge UGC for providing financial assistance to the research fellow.
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SR conceptualized, performed all the methodologies and compiled the data. PD, MK and LCM assisted in data curation and literature writing. MR and BM provided resources, supervision and validation for the research work. The manuscript has been read and approved for submission by all the authors.
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Accession number: The collected Digera muricata was taxonomically identified and confirmed by the Department of Botany, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India with a plant authentication certificate (Accession No: ALUH1832).
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Ravi, S., Duraisamy, P., Krishnan, M. et al. Sitosterol-rich Digera muricata against 7-ketocholesterol and lipopolysaccharide-mediated atherogenic responses by modulating NF-ΚB/iNOS signalling pathway in macrophages. 3 Biotech 13, 331 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03741-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03741-6