Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective chemosensors N2R1–N2R3 for detecting water-polluting inorganic arsenic anions, arsenite, and arsenate were synthesized and characterized. The selectivity of anions was studied in the pure organic media as well as the organo-aqueous media. Receptors N2R1 and N2R3 exhibited selectivity toward arsenite ion over arsenate ion in the acetonitrile media with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.119 ppm and 0.323 ppm, respectively. In 30% aq. DMSO, receptors N2R1–N2R3 displayed selectivity toward arsenite and arsenate with a better LOD of 0.044 ppm. The anion binding to the receptor achieved a spectral absorption shift toward the near-infrared region in both organic and aqueous media, making the receptors better colorimetric sensors. The cyclic voltammetric investigations, 1H–NMR titration, UV–Vis titration, and DFT experiments provided strong evidence for the initial H-bonding upon interaction with the anions and the subsequent deprotonation pathway for the detection of inorganic arsenic anions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are contained within the article.
References
Aatif AM, Kumar SKA (2022) Dual anion colorimetric and fluorometric sensing of arsenite and cyanide ions involving MLCT and CHEF pathways. J Mol Struct 1250:131677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131677
Abdollahi-Moghadam M, Keypour H, Azadbakht R, Koolivand M (2023) An experimental and theoretical study of a new sensitive and selective Al3+ Schiff base fluorescent chemosensor bearing a homopiperazine moiety. J Mol Struct 1273:134289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134289
Ahmed N, Zareen W, Shafiq Z et al (2023) A coumarin based Schiff Base: an effective colorimetric sensor for selective detection of F– ion in real samples and DFT studies. Spectrochim Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.121964
Banerjee M, Ta S, Ghosh M et al (2019) Sequential fluorescence recognition of molybdenum(VI), arsenite, and phosphate ions in a ratiometric manner: a facile approach for discrimination of AsO2- and H2PO4-. ACS Omega 4:10877–10890. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00377
Chauhan K, Singh P, Kumari B, Singhal RK (2017) Synthesis of new benzothiazole Schiff base as selective and sensitive colorimetric sensor for arsenic on-site detection at ppb level. Anal Methods 9:1779–1785. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ay03302d
Chen W, Liang H, Wen X et al (2022) Synchronous colorimetric determination of CN−, F−, and H2PO4− based on structural manipulation of hydrazone sensors. Inorganica Chim Acta 532:120760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2021.120760
Dong WK, Zhang JQ, Du MX (2022) A highly selective and sensitive salamo-salen-salamo hybrid fluorometic chemosensor for identification of Zn2+ and the continuous recognition of phosphate anions. Spectrochim Acta - Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 278:121340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.121340
Fernández H, Arévalo FJ, Granero AM et al (2017) Electrochemical biosensors for the determination of toxic substances related to food safety developed in south America: Mycotoxins and herbicides. Chemosensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors5030023
Jung JM, Yun D, Lee H et al (2019) Selective chemosensor capable of sensing both CN− and Zn2+: Its application to zebrafish. Sens Actuators B Chem 297:126814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.126814
Kandemir E, Özkütük M, Aydıner B et al (2022) Novel fluorescent coumarin-thiazole based sensors for selective determination of cyanide in aqueous media. J Mol Struct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131593
Kang Z, Zhang Z, Zhang Y et al (2022) Di-(2-picolyl)amine functionalized tetraphenylethylene as multifunctional chemosensor. Anal Chim Acta 1196:339543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339543
Keremane KS, Rao R, Adhikari AV (2021) Simple 3,6-disubstituted carbazoles as potential hole transport materials: photophysical, electrochemical and theoretical studies. Photochem Photobiol 97:289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13337
Mishra S, Mamidi P, Chattopadhyay S, Singh AK (2023) Economically viable multi-responsive probes for fluorimetric detection of trace levels of Ga3+, Al3+ and PPi in near aqueous medium. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 434:114225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114225
Mohammadi A, Yaghoubi S (2017) A new dual colorimetric chemosensor based on quinazolinone for CNˉ, AcOˉ and Cu2+ions. Sens Actuators, B Chem 241:1069–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.10.034
Nag S, Mondal A, Hirani H, Banerjee P (2022) Smartphone-based digitized recognition of As3+ along with its effectual mitigation in water using a benzothiazole-functionalized molecular scaffold. Mater Adv 3:4649–4658. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ma00309k
Paul S, Bhuyan S, Mukhopadhyay SK et al (2019) Sensitive and selective in vitro recognition of biologically toxic As(III) by rhodamine based chemoreceptor. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:13687–13697. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00935
Purkait R, Maity S, Sinha C (2018) A hydrazine-based thiocarbamide probe for colorimetric and turn-on fluorometric detection of PO43- and AsO33- in semi-aqueous medium. New J Chem 42:6236–6246. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nj04533f
Saha J, Roy AD, Dey D et al (2017) Development of arsenic(v) sensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Sens Actuators B Chem 241:1014–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.10.098
Samanta T, Shunmugam R (2021) Colorimetric and fluorometric probes for the optical detection of environmental Hg( ii ) and As( iii ) ions. Mater Adv 2:64–95. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00521e
Shaji LK, Selva Kumar R, Jose J et al (2023) Selective chromogenic and fluorogenic signalling of Hg2+ ions using a benzothiazole-quinolinyl acrylate conjugate and its applications in the environmental water samples and living cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 434:114220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114220
Sharma S, Chayawan JA et al (2023) 2-Hydroxy-naphthalene hydrazone based dual-functional chemosensor for ultrasensitive colorimetric detection of Cu2+ and highly selective fluorescence sensing and bioimaging of Al3+. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 437:114408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114408
Singh A, Mohan M, Trivedi DR (2020) Design and synthesis of malonohydrazide based colorimetric receptors for discrimination of maleate over fumarate and detection of F−, AcO− and AsO2− ions. Spectrochim Acta–part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 229:117883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117883
Singh G, Priyanka SA et al (2021) Schiff base-functionalized silatrane-based receptor as a potential chemo-sensor for the detection of Al3+ions. New J Chem 45:7850–7859. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1nj00943e
Tai YT, Cheng CY, Chen YS, Ko FH (2022) A hydrogel-based chemosensor applied in conjunction with a Griess assay for real-time colorimetric detection of nitrite in the environment. Sens Actuators B Chem 369:132298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132298
Tripathy M, Rana S, Subuddhi U, Patel S (2023) Simultaneous visual and spectroscopic multi-analyte detection of Al3+ and AsO2− using simple salicylidene based D-π-A chromophore. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114329
Vanjare BD, Mahajan PG, Ryoo HI et al (2021) Novel rhodamine based chemosensor for detection of Hg2+: Nanomolar detection, real water sample analysis, and intracellular cell imaging. Sens Actuators B Chem 330:129308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.129308
Yadav N, Singh AK (2016) Dual anion colorimetric and fluorometric sensing of arsenite and cyanide ions. RSC Adv 6:100136–100144. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra19781g
Yildiz EA, Erdener D, Tekin S et al (2022) Colorimetric probing and fluorescent chemosensor features of functionalized sulphonamide-azomethine derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114188
Yin P, Niu Q, Liu J et al (2021) A new AIEE-active carbazole based colorimetric/fluorimetric chemosensor for ultra-rapid and nano-level determination of Hg2+ and Al3+ in food/environmental samples and living cells. Sens Actuators B Chem 331:129418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.129418
Zeng L, Zhou D, Gong J et al (2019) Highly sensitive aptasensor for trace arsenic(III) detection using DNAzyme as the biocatalytic amplifier. Anal Chem 91:1724–1727. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05466
Zhang L, Chen XR, Wen SH et al (2019) Optical sensors for inorganic arsenic detection. TrAC–Trends Anal Chem 118:869–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.013
Acknowledgements
NK is thankful to NITK for the research fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors reported no potential conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nagaraj, K., Shetty, A.N. & Trivedi, D.R. Colorimetric recognition of water-polluting inorganic arsenic anions using near-infrared chemosensors in organic and semi-aqueous medium. Appl Nanosci 13, 5407–5420 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02815-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02815-4