Abstract
Green copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are synthesised by combining the leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum with 25 mM of copper sulphate (CuSO4) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), respectively. At 300 nm, the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum confirms the production of CuNPs and SeNPs. In CuNPs and SeNPs, the fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum reveals the presence of functional groups associated with bioactive compounds. X-ray spectroscopy shows that the properties of CuNPs and SeNPs are distinctive. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), copper and selenium with narrow, intense widths and great purity were identified. Depending on the species level, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CuNPs and SeNPs synthesised in a green approach ranged from 12 to 30 ppm. On soil microflora, synthesised NPs showed no detectable effect on microbial growth compared to the control. The present results demonstrate the benefits of a green approach to the generation of NPs with potent anti-bacterial activity and no negative impact on soil microbiota. The present findings illustrate the advantages of a green strategy for the development of NPs with potent antibacterial activity and no toxicity to soil microorganisms.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the relevant data are produced in this manuscript.
References
Afzal M, Kazmi I, Khan R, Singh R, Chauhan M, Bisht T, Anwar F (2012) Bryophyllum pinnatum: a review. Int J Res Biol Sci 2(4):143–149
Ahmad H, Venugopal K, Rajagopal K, De Britto S, Nandini B, Pushpalatha HG, Konappa N, Udayashankar AC, Geetha N, Jogaiah S (2020) Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus globules and their fungicidal ability against pathogenic fungi of apple orchards. Biomolecules 10:425
Alam H, Khatoon N, Raza M, Ghosh PC, Sardar M (2019) Synthesis and characterization of nano selenium using plant biomolecules and their potential applications. Bionanoscience 9(1):96–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-018-0569-5
Aldeen TS, Mohamed HEA, Maaza M (2022) ZnO nanoparticles prepared via a green synthesis approach: physical properties, photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. J Phy Chem Sol 160:110313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.110313
An HK, Park BY, Kim DS (2001) Crab shell for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Water Res 35(15):3551–3556. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00099-9
Anu K, Singaravelu G, Murugan K, Benelli G (2017) Green-synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using garlic cloves (Allium sativum): biophysical characterization and cytotoxicity on vero cells. J Clust Sci 28(1):551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-016-1123-7
Atique Ullah AKM, Haque MM, Akter M, Hossain A, Tamanna AN, Hosen MM, Fazle Kibria AKM, Khan MNI, Khan MKA (2020) Green synthesis of Bryophyllum pinnatum aqueous leaf extract mediated bio-molecule capped dilute ferromagnetic α-MnO2 nanoparticles. Mater Res Express 7(1):015088. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6c20
Batalha IL, Bernut A, Schiebler M, Ouberai MM, Passemar C, Klapholz C, Kinna S, Michel S, Sader K, Castro-Hartmann P et al (2019) Polymeric nanobiotics as a novel treatment for mycobacterial infections. J Control Release 314:116–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.00
Beheshti N, Soflaei S, Shakibaie M, Yazdi MH, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, RezaShahverdi A (2013) Efficacy of biogenic selenium nanoparticles against leishmania major: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol 27(3):203–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.11.002
Bhanuprasad Shukla A, Rasikbhai Mandavia D, Jasmatbhai Barvaliya M, Natvarlal Baxi S, Rajkishore Tripathi C (2014) Evaluation of anti-urolithiatic effect of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum(Lam.) leaves using ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi. Avicenna J Phyto Med 4(3):151–159
Bhavya G, Belorkar SA, Mythili R, Geetha N, Shetty HS, Udikeri SS, Jogaiah S (2021) Remediation of emerging environmental pollutants: a review based on advances in the uses of eco-friendly biofabricated nanomaterials. Chemosphere 275:129975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129975
Chandraker SK, Ghosh MK, Lal M, Ghorai TK, Shukla R (2019a) Colorimetric sensing of Fe3+ and Hg2+ and photocatalytic activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Sonchus arvensis L. New J Chem 43:18175–18183. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ01338E
Chandraker SK, Lal M, Shukla R (2019b) DNA-binding, antioxidant, H2O2 sensing and photocatalytic properties of biogenic silver nanoparticles using Ageratum conyzoides L. leaf extract. RSC Adv 9:23408–23417. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA03590G
Chandraker SK, Lal M, Dhruve P, Singh RP, Shukla R (2021) Cytotoxic, antimitotic, DNA binding, photocatalytic, H2O2 sensing, and antioxidant properties of biofabricated silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. Fron Mol Biosci 7:593040. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.593040
Chibli LA, Rodrigues KC, Gasparetto CM, Pinto NC, Fabri RL, Scio E et al (2014) Anti-inflammatory effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) oken ethanol extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol 154:330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.035
Das G, Patra JK, Shin HS (2020) Biosynthesis, and potential effect of fern mediated biocompatible silver nanoparticles by cytotoxicity, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial, studies. Mater Sci Eng C 114:111011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111011
Deng G, Chen C, Zhang J et al (2018) Se@SiO 2 nanocomposites attenuate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through combatting oxidative damage. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 46:112–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1452250
Dhiman V, Kondal N, Choudhary P (2023) Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract mediated ZnO nanoparticles with prodigious potential for solar driven photocatalytic degradation of industrial contaminants. Environ Res 216(4):114751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114751
Elufioye TO, Oyedeji AO, Habtemariam S (2022) A review of the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) (Crassulaceae). J Biol Act Prod Nat 12:190–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2021.1988706
Emanuele Z, Silvia L, Raymond JT, Junaid SSQ, Giovanni V (2015) Biogenic selenium and tellurium nanoparticles synthesized by environmental microbial isolates efficaciously inhibit bacterial planktonic cultures and biofilms. Front Microbiol 6:584
Fernandes JM, Cunha LM, Azevedo EP, Lourenço EM, Fernandes Pedrosa MF, Zucolotto SM (2019a) Kalanchoe laciniata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: an updated review about ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Rev Bras Farmacogn 29:529–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2019.01.012
Fernandes JM, Cunha LM, Azevedo EP, Lourenço EMG, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF, Zucolotto SM (2019b) Kalanchoe laciniata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: an updated review about ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Rev Bras Farmacogn 29(04):529–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2019.01.012
Fujikawa I, Takehara Y, Ota M, Imada K, Sasaki K, Kajihara H, Sakai S, Jogaiah S, Ito SI (2020) Magnesium oxide induces immunity against fusarium wilt by triggering the jasmonic acid signaling pathway in tomato. J Biotechn 325:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.11.012
Fürer K, Simões-Wüst AP, Winkler A, Amsler N, SchnelleM, von Mandach U, (2015) The application of Bryophyllum pinnatum preparations in obstetrics and gynaecology—a multicenter, prospective observational study. Forsch Komplement Med 22(4):231–236. https://doi.org/10.1159/000437154
Gahlawat G, Choudhury AR (2019) A review on the biosynthesis of metal and metal salt nanoparticles by microbes. RSC Adv 9:12944–12967. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA10483B
Geetha N, Bhavya G, Abhijith P, Shekhar R, Dayananda K, Jogaiah S (2021) Insights into nanomycoremediation: Secretomics and mycogenic biopolymer nanocomposites for heavy metal detoxification. J Hazar Mat 409:124541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124541
Geoffrion LD, Hesabizadeh T, Medina-Cruz D, Kusper M, Taylor P, Vernet-Crua A, Guisbiers G (2020) Naked selenium nanoparticles for antibacterial and anticancer treatments. ACS Omega 5(6):2660–2669. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03172
Guilger-Casagrande M, de Lima R (2019) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by fungi: a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7:287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00287
Hamida RS, Ali MA, Goda DA, Khalil MI, Al-Zaban MI (2020) Novel biogenic silver nanoparticle-induced reactive oxygen species inhibit the biofilm formation and virulence activities of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00433
Harlalka GV, Patil MR (2007) Protective effect of Kalanchoe pinnata pers. (Crassulaceae) on Gentamycin-induced neprhotoxicity in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 39:201–205
Hossain MA, Paul B, Khan KA, Paul M, Mamun MA, Quayum ME (2022) Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles by using Bryophyllum pinnatum and the evaluation of its power generation activities on bio-electrochemical cell. Mat Chem Phy 282(15):125943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.125943
Husen A (2017) Nanoscience and plant–soil systems. In: Ghorbanpour Mansour, Manika Khanuja, Varma Ajit (eds) Gold nanoparticles from plant system: synthesis characterization and their application. Springer, Cham
Ikram M, Javed B, Raja NI, Mashwani ZU (2021) Biomedical potential of plant-based selenium nanoparticles: a comprehensive review on therapeutic and mechanistic aspects. Int J Nanomedicine 16:249–268. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S295053
Jagdish R, Nehra K (2022) Bryophyllum pinnatum mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: characterization and application as biocontrol agents for multi-drug-resistant uropathogens. Heliyon 8:e11080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11080
Joshi SM, De Britto S, Jogaiah S (2021) Myco-engineered selenium nanoparticles elicit resistance against tomato late blight disease by regulating differential expression of cellular, biochemical and defense responsive genes. J Biotechn 325:196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.10.023
Joshi SM, De Britto S, Jogaiah S, Ito S (2019) Mycogenic selenium nanoparticles as potential new generation broad spectrum antifungal molecules. Biomolecules 9(9):419
Krishnan V, Loganathan C, Thayumanavan P (2019) Green synthesized selenium nanoparticle as carrier and potent delivering agent of s-allyl glutathione: Anticancer effect against hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2) through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 53:101207.
Kumar DA, Palanichamy V, Roopan SM (2014) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Alternanthera dentata leaf extract at room temperature and their antimicrobial activity. Spectrochimica Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectro 127:168–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.058
Kumari P, Panda PK, Jha E, Pramanik N, Nisha K, KumariK, et al (2018) Molecular insight to in vitro biocompatibility of phytofabricated copper oxide nanoparticles with human embryonic kidney cells. Nanomedicine 13:2415–2433. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0175
Kumari S, Kumari P, Panda PK, Patel P, Jha E, Mallick MA et al (2020) Biocompatible biogenic silver nanoparticles interact with caspases on an atomic level to elicit apoptosis. Nanomedicine 15:2119–2132. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0138
Letchumanan D, Sok SPM, Ibrahim S, Nagoor NH, Arshad NM (2021) Plant-based biosynthesis of copper/copper oxide nanoparticles: an update on their applications in biomedicine, mechanisms, and toxicity. Biomolecules 11(4):564. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040564
Li H, Chen Q, Zhao J, Urmila K (2015) Enhancing the antimicrobial activity of natural extraction using the synthetic ultrasmall metal nanoparticles. Sci Rep 5:11033. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11033
Liu Y, Li Y, Yuan YY, Geng ZP, Li JL, Wang MJ, Wang JL (2023) Elucidation of the potential molecular mechanism of the active compounds of Bryophyllum pinnatum (L. f.) oken against gastritis based on network pharmacology. Chin J Anal Chem 51(1):100193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100193
Majaz QA, Nazim S, Asir Q, Shoeb Q, Bilal GM (2011) Screening of invitro anthelmintic activity of kalanchoe pinnata roots. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2:221–223
McGee CF, Storey S, Clipson N, Doyle E (2017) Soil microbial community responses to contamination with silver, aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Ecotoxicology 26:449–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-017-1776-5
Menon S, Shrudhi Devi KS, Santhiya R, Rajeshkumar S, Kumar V (2018) Selenium nanoparticles: a potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 170:280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.006
Mohan A, Dipallini S, Lata S, Mohanty S, Pradhan PK, Patel P et al (2020) Oxidative stress induced antimicrobial efficacy of chitosan and silver nanoparticles coated gutta-percha for endodontic applications. Mater Today Chem 17:100299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100299
Mohanta YK, Panda SK, Jayabalan R, Sharma N, Bastia AK, Mohanta TK (2017) Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb.). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 4:14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2017
Nandini B, Hariprasad P, Prakash HS, Shetty HS, Geetha N (2017) Trichogenic-selenium nanoparticles enhance disease suppressive ability of Trichoderma against downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola in pearl millet. Sci Rep 7(1):2612. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02737-6
Nandini B, Sanjay CJ, Bhavya G, Sunilkumar CR, Geetha N, Udikeri SS, Srinivas C, Jogaiah S (2022) Recent advances in nanoremediation: Carving sustainable solution to clean-up polluted agriculture soils. Environ Pollut 297:118728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118728
Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Rostami-Vartooni A, Hussin S (2016) Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris L. leaves and their catalytic performance for N-arylation of indoles and amines. J Coll Interface Sci 466:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.12.018
Noman M, Ahmed T, White JC, Nazir MM, Li D, Song F (2023) Bacillus altitudinis stabilized multifarious copper nanoparticles prevent bacterial fruit blotch in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) direct pathogen inhibition. planta particles accumulation, and host stomatal immunity modulation. Small. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202207136
Oca-Vásquez GM, Solano-Campos F, Vega-Baudrit JR, LópezMondéjar R, Odriozola I, Vera A et al (2020) Environmentally relevant concentrations of silver nanoparticles diminish soil microbial biomass but do not alter enzyme activities or microbial diversity. J Hazard Mater 391:122224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122224
Onwukaeme DN, Ikuegbvweha TB, Asonye CC (2007) Evaluation of phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activities and effect of exudate of Pycanthus Angolensis Weld Warb (Myristicaceae) on corneal ulcers in rabbits. Trop J Pharm Res 6(2):725–730.
Oufir M, Seiler C, Gerodetti M, Gerber J, Fürer K, Mennet-von Eiff M et al (2015) Quantification of bufadienolides in Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves and manufactured products by UHPLC-ESIMS/MS. Planta Med 81(12–13):1190–1197. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1546126
Peng X, Wang L, Zhang X, Gao B, Fu J, Xiao S, Chu PK (2015) Reduced graphene oxide encapsulated selenium nanoparticles for high-power lithium–selenium battery cathode. J Power Sources 288:214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.04.124
Rahmatpour S, Shirvani M, Mosaddeghi MR, Nourbakhsh F, Bazarganipour M (2017) Dose–response effects of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on microbial and enzyme activities in calcareous soils. Geoderma 285:313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.10.006
Rajeshkumar S, Menon S, Venkat Kumar S, Tambuwala MM, Bakshi HA, Mehta M et al (2019) Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of biosynthesized copper nanoparticles mediated through Cissus arnotiana plant extract. J Photochem Photobiol B: Bio 197:111531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111531
Ravi SS, Christena LR, SaiSubramanian N, Anthony SP (2013) Green synthesized silver nanoparticles for selective colorimetric sensing of Hg2+ in aqueous solution at wide pH range. Analyst 138:4370–4377. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AN00320E
Rayman MP (2000) The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 356:233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02490-9
Sadhvi BS, Rajeshkumar S, Roy A, Lakshmi T (2019) Copper oxide nanoparticles synthesis and characterization using UV-vis spectrophotometer and TEM. Int J Res Pharm Sci 10(4):2845–2848. https://doi.org/10.2645/ijrps.v10i4.1562
Servin AD, White JC (2016) Nanotechnology in agriculture: next steps for understanding engineered nanoparticle exposure and risk. Nano Impact 1:9–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2015.12.002
Sheel R, Kumari P, Panda PK, Ansari MDJ, Patel P, Singh S et al (2020) Molecular intrinsic proximal interaction infers oxidative stress and apoptosis modulated in vivo biocompatibility of P. niruri contrived antibacterial iron oxide nanoparticles with zebrafish. Environ Pollut 267:115482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115482
Simonin M, Richaume A (2015) Impact of engineered nanoparticles on the activity, abundance, and diversity of soil microbial communities: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:13710–13723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4171-x
Singh S, Kumar N, Kumar M, Agarwal A, Mizaikoff B (2017) Electrochemical sensing and remediation of 4-nitrophenol using bio-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles. Chem Eng J 313:283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.049
Sivalingam D, Singh M (2023) Targeting the ACE2 receptor using nanomedicine: novel approach to lung cancer therapy. Trends Imm 7(1):1–11
Skrajnowska D, Jagielska A, Ruszczyńska A, Idkowiak J, Bobrowska-Korczak B (2022) Effect of copper and selenium supplementation on the level of elements in rats’ femurs under neoplastic conditions. Nutrients 4(6):1285. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061285
Tortella GR, Rubilar O, Durán N, Diez MC, Martínez M, Parada J et al (2020) Silver nanoparticles: toxicity in model organisms as an overview of its hazard for human health and the environment. J Hazard Mater 390:121974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121974
Unni M, Uhl AM, SavliwalaS SBH, Dhavalikar R, Garraud N et al (2017) Thermal decomposition synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with diminished magnetic dead layer by controlled addition of oxygen. ACS Nano 11:2284–2303. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b00609
Veeresham C (2012) Natural products derived from plants as a source of drugs. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 3:200. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.104709
Verma SK, Nisha K, Panda PK, Patel P, Kumari P, Mallick MA et al (2020) Green synthesized MgO nanoparticles infer biocompatibility by reducing in vivo molecular nanotoxicity in embryonic zebrafish through arginine interaction elicited apoptosis. Sci Total Environ 713:136521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136521
Wang L, Zhong J, Li G, Chen JF (2016) Preparation of silver nanopowders by a controlled wet-chemical synthesis. Mater Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.03.013
Xin XP, He ZL, Hill MR, Niedz RP, Jiang X, Sumerlin BS (2018) Efficiency of biodegradable and pH-responsive polysuccinimide nanoparticles (PSI-NPs) as smart nanodelivery systems in grapefruit: vitro cellular investigation. Macromol Biosci 18:1800159. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201800159
Xin X, Zhao F, Zhao H, Goodrich SL, Hill MR, Sumerlin BS, Stoffella PJ, Wright AL, He Z (2020) Comparative assessment of polymeric and other nanoparticles impacts on soil microbial and biochemical properties. Geoderma 367:114278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.11427
Xu C, Peng C, Sun L, Zhang S, Huang H, Chen Y, Shi J (2015) Distinctive effects of TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles on soil microbes and their community structures in flooded paddy soil. Soil Biol Biochem 86:24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.03.011
Yadav NP, Dixit VK (2003) Hepatoprotective activity of leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. Jethnopharmacol 86:197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00074-6
Yousaf H, Mehmood A, Ahmad KS, Raffi M (2020) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications as an alternative antibacterial and antioxidant agent. Mater Sci Eng C 112:110901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110901
Zhang H, Huang M, Zhang W, Gardea-Torresdey JL, White JC, Ji R, Zhao L (2020) Silver nanoparticles alter soil microbial community compositions and metabolite profiles in unplanted and cucumber-planted soils. Environ Sci Technol 54(6):3334–3342. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07562
Zhang H, Li Z, Dai C, Wang P, Fan S, Yu B, Qu Y (2021) Antibacterial properties and mechanism of selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Providencia sp DCX. Environ Res 194:110630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110630
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to facilities provided by Department of Molecular Biology, University of Mysore. This work was funded by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R165), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The authors also extend thanks to Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala and Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad for collaborative research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Research plan and supervision: SJ Experiment performed: BN and LK. Data interpretation: BN, SCJ, KS and GN. Software and Figures plotted: BN and SH. Data analysis and validation: BN, LK, DA and SCJ. Wrote, edited and revised the manuscript: BN, GN, KS and SJ. All authors have read and approved the revised manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have any conflict of interests pertaining to the submitted research work.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nandini, B., Krishna, L., Jogigowda, S.C. et al. Significance of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) for green synthesis of anti-bacterial copper and selenium nanoparticles and their influence on soil microflora. Appl Nanosci 13, 3609–3623 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02798-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02798-2