Abstract
Mycotoxins, a natural food contaminant, are secondary metabolites of fungi. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are two major mycotoxins found in various food commodities. These mycotoxins are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, thus they are a public health concern and their monitoring in food commodities is necessary. There are several conventional techniques available for mycotoxin detection, such as HPLC, LCMS, and ELISA. However, extensive nature and huge cost allowances make it challenging to deploy these techniques for monitoring of mycotoxins in the large sample size. Therefore, a robust, responsive and high-throughput technique is required. Here, we aimed to develop a multiplexed Luminex suspension assay based on multi analyte profiling (xMAP) technology for the simultaneous detection of AFB1 and OTA in the black tea, which is found to be contaminated with these mycotoxins during the cultivation or processing steps. Limit of detection for AFB1 and OTA, was 0.06 ng/ml and 0.49 ng/ml, respectively without any cross-reactivity with other mycotoxins and this assay is suitable for simultaneous detection of AFB1 and OTA in the same sample. Collectively, based on the results, we suggest that the developed Luminex suspension assay is sensitive, accurate, rapid and suitable for high-throughput screening of multiple mycotoxins.
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Abbreviations
- AFB1:
-
Aflatoxin B1
- AFG2:
-
Aflatoxin G2
- AFM1:
-
Aflatoxin M1
- BSA:
-
Bovine serum albumin
- CSV:
-
Comma-separated values
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DON:
-
Deoxynivalenol
- EDC:
-
N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride
- FB2:
-
Fumonisin B2
- IARC:
-
International Agency for Research on Cancer
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- mAbs:
-
Monoclonal antibodies
- MFI:
-
Mean fluorescence intensity
- NHS:
-
N-hydroxysuccinimide
- o-CMA:
-
o-carboxymethyl (hydroxylamine) hemihydrochloride
- OTA:
-
Ochratoxin A
- OTα:
-
Ochratoxin α
- QuEChERS:
-
Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe
- STG:
-
Sterigmatocystin
- TNBS:
-
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid
- UPLC:
-
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- xMAP:
-
(x = number of analyte) Multi analyte profiling
- ZEN:
-
Zearalenone
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Director of CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow. One of the co-authors is thankful to the Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi for the award of a Senior Research Fellowship. This research work is a part of PhD thesis of a IJS. CSIR-IITR communication number of this manuscript is: IITR/SEC/MS/2023/26.
Funding
This work was financially supported by CSIR Mission mode project “Advanced Technological Leads for Assuring Safety of Food (ATLAS, HCP-3.6) and Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology India (EMR/2015/000983).
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IJS conceived, carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript; MK carried out the experiments, KM carried out the experiments; PM analyzed and interpreted the data; VS supervised the Luminex suspension array experiments; KMA conceived, designed the experiments; corrected the manuscript.
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Saifi, I.J., Kumar, M., Maurya, K. et al. Development of an immunoassay for the detection of mycotoxins using xMAP technology and its evaluation in black tea samples. J Food Sci Technol 61, 385–396 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05848-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-023-05848-3