Abstract
Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) is a tropical fruit having exceptional juiciness, vibrant tropical flavor and immense health benefits. Pineapples are not only taken fresh but they have been commercialized in the canning industry. Morris cultivar is mostly supplied to the canning industry where only the flesh is utilized and the rest of the pineapple (50 wt%) such as the core, stem, peels and crown are discarded as wastes. In the extraction of bromelain which is a vital proteolytic enzyme the whole pineapple including its peels, core, stem and crown can be utilized. This enzyme is very valuable and considered as a food supplement with a wide range of therapeutic benefits. Thus, in this study, bromelain is extracted from the flesh, crown, stem, core and peel of pineapples using simple one stage hollow fiber nanofiltration membrane process. The different parts of the pineapple were crushed to extract the juice. The juice was then centrifuged and the supernatant was then passed through a nanofiltration membrane. Results revealed the retentates from the different pineapple parts contain high amounts of bromelain in descending order flesh > peel > core > crown > stem. The amount of bromelain activity increased after every process especially after freeze drying.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- BaCl2 :
-
Barium chloride
- DNS:
-
3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid
- EDTA:
-
Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
- HCl:
-
Hydrochloric acid
- HNO3 :
-
Nitric acid
- I2 :
-
Iodine
- KI:
-
Potassium iodide
- MD:
-
Maltodextrin
- Na2HPO4 :
-
Anhydrous disodium phosphate
- Na2O2 :
-
Sodium peroxide
- NaOH:
-
Sodium hydroxide
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PES:
-
Polyether sulfone
- TCA:
-
Trichloroacetic acid
- ATPS:
-
Aqueous two-phase system
- HF NF:
-
Hollow fiber nanofiltration
- MWCO:
-
Molecular weight cut-off
- TSS:
-
Total soluble solid
- UV:
-
Ultra violet
- Vis:
-
Visible
- CDU:
-
Casein digestion unit
References
Amid A, Ismail NA, Yusof F, Salleh HM (2011) Expression, purification, and characterization of a recombinant stem bromelain from Ananas comosus. Process Biochem 46(12):2232–2239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.08.018
Arshad ZIM, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad K, Loke SP (2014) Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(17):7283–7297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y
Bhattacharjee C, Saxena VK, Dutta S (2017) Fruit juice processing using membrane technology: a review. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 43:136–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2017.08.002
Bresolin IRAP, Bresolin ITL, Silveira E, Tambourgi EB, Mazzola PG (2013) Isolation and purification of bromelain from waste peel of pineapple for therapeutic application. Braz Arch Biol Technol 56(6):971–979. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132013000600012
Brownleader MD, Jackson P, Mobasheri A, Pantelides AT, Sumar S, Trevan M, Dey PM (1999) Molecular aspects of cell wall modifications during fruit ripening. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 39(2):149–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399908500494
Chaurasiya RS, Sakhare PZ, Bhaskar N, Hebbar HU (2015) Efficacy of reverse micellar extracted fruit bromelain in meat tenderization. J Food Sci Technol 52(6):3870–3880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1454-z
Chaurasiya RS, Hebbar UH (2013) Extraction of bromelain from pineapple core and purification by RME and precipitation methods. Sep Purif Technol 111:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.029
Devakate RV, Patil VV, Waje SS, Thorat BN (2009) Purification and drying of bromelain. Sep Purif Technol 64(3):259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.09.012
Doko MB, Bassani V, Casadebaig J, Cavailles L, Jacob M (1991) Preparation of proteolytic enzyme extracts from Ananas comosus L., Merr. fruit juice using semipermeable membrane, ammonium sulfate extraction, centrifugation and freeze-drying processes. Int J Pharm 76(3):199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(91)90272-P
Hajar N, Zainal S, Nadzirah KZ, RohaAMS AO, Elida TZMT (2012) Physicochemical properties analysis of three indexes pineapple (Ananas Comosus) peel extract variety N36. APCBEE Proc 4:115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.11.020
Hale LP, Greer PK, Trinh CT, James CL (2005) Proteinase activity and stability of natural bromelain preparations. Int Immunopharmacol 5(4):783–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.007
Hebbar UH, Sumana B, Raghavarao KSMS (2008) Use of reverse micellar systems for the extraction and purification of bromelain from pineapple wastes. Bioresour Technol 99(11):4896–4902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.038
Hebbar UH, Sumana B, Hemavathi AB (2012) Separation and purification of bromelain by reverse micellar extraction coupled ultrafiltration and comparative studies with other methods. Food Bioproc Tech 5:1010–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0395-4
Heinicke RM, Gortner WA (2019) Stem bromelain: a new protease preparation from pineapple plants. Econ Bot 11(3):225–234
Husin SZ, Mahmud M, Ramasamy S, Othman R, Yaacob JS (2018) Effect of seedling size and flowering time on fruit quality, secondary metabolite production and bioactivity of pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Var. ‘Yankee’] fruits. Malays J Fundam Appl Sci 14(1):102–108
Idris A, Zain NM, Noordin MY (2007) Synthesis, characterization and performance of asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes with polyethylene glycol of different molecular weights as additives. Desalination 207(1–3):324–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.008
Illanes A (2008) Enzyme biocatalysis. In: Comprehensive Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64046-8.00003-3
Ketnawa S, Chaiwut P, Rawdkuen S (2012) Pineapple wastes: a potential source for bromelain extraction. Food Bioprod Process 90(3):385–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2011.12.006
Khairuddin NFM, Idris A, Lee WH (2019) Harvesting Nannochloropsis sp. using PES /MWCNT/LiBr membrane with good antifouling properties. Sep Purif Technol 212:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.013
Liu J, He C, Shen F, Zhang K, Zhu S (2017) The crown plays an important role in maintaining quality of harvested pineapple. Postharvest Biol Technol 124:18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2016.09.007
Lopes FLG, Severo JB, de Souza RR, Ehrhardt DD, Curvelo Santana JC, Tambourgi EB (2009) Concentration by membrane separation processes of a medicinal product obtained from pineapple pulp. Braz Arch Biol Technol 52(2):457–464. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132009000200024
Madaeni SS, Mohamamdi T, Moghadam MK (2001) Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination 134(1–3):77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00117-5
MPIB. Malaysian Pineapple Industry Board (2021) Pineapple Cultivar. https://www.mpib.gov.my/en/cultivar/?lang=en. Accessed 25 Oct 2021
Nadzirah KZ, Zainal S, Noriham A, Normah I, Roha AMS (2013) Physico- chemical properties of pineapple variety N36 harvested and stored at different maturity stages. Int Food Res J 20(1):225–231
Nor MZM, Ramchandran L, Duke M, Vasiljevic T (2016) Separation of bromelain from crude pineapple waste mixture by a two-stage ceramic ultrafiltration process. Food Bioprod Process 98:142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2016.01.001
Nor MZM, Ramchandran L, Duke M, Vasiljevic T (2017) Application of membrane-based technology for purification of bromelain. Int Food Res J 24(4):1685–1696
Pavan R, Jain S, Shraddha KA (2012) Properties and therapeutic application of bromelain: a Review. Biotechnol Res Int 2012:976203
Ramli ANM, Manas NHA, Hamid AAA, Hamid HA, Illias RM (2018) Comparative structural analysis of fruit and stem bromelain from Ananas comosus. Food Chem 266:183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.125
Sanchez V, Baeza R, Galmarini MV, Zamora MC, Chirife J (2013) Freeze-drying encapsulation of red wine polyphenols in an amorphous matrix of maltodextrin. Food Bioproc Tech 6:1350–1354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-011-0654-z
Silvestre MPC, Carreira RL, Silva MR, Corgosinho FC, Monteiro MRP, Morais HA (2012) Effect of pH and temperature on the activity of enzymatic extracts from pineapple peel. Food Bioproc Tech 5(5):1824–1831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-011-0616-5
Tochi BN, Wang Z, Xu SY, Zhang W (2008) Therapeutic application of pineapple protease (Bromelain): a review. Pak J Nutr 7(4):513–520
Vasiljevic T (2020) Chapter 10 - Pineapple in valorization of fruit processing by-products. pp 203–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817106-6.00010-1
Verma OP, Roychowdhury S, Rautaray SK, Raychaudhuri M, Antony E, Ambast SK, Brahmanand PS (2019) Fitting Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) with Rainfed Rice in the Cropping Sequence in Eastern India. Natl Acad Sci Lett 43(2):121–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-019-00820-2
Funding
This work was supported by Malaysian Pineapple Industry Board (MPIB) and UTM for grant research R.J130000.7646.4C152 “Extraction of Bromelain from Pineapple Pulp and Fruit using Membrane Filtration”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
EM: Collection of data, chemical analysis, manuscript writing. AI: Conceive the idea, overall guidance, statistical analysis, conducting experiment, manuscript writing. HY: Statistical analysis, manuscript writing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethics approval
All authors approve to send this manuscript to JFST_.
Consent to participate
All authors have consented to the submission of the manuscript to JFST.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Misran, E., Idris, A. & Ya’akob, H. Bromelain extraction using single stage nanofiltration membrane process. J Food Sci Technol 60, 315–327 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05618-7
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05618-7