Abstract
For the purpose of providing a tropospheric O3 control strategy for Hangzhou, China, we investigate the influential factors of it using observed data and the WRF-CMAQ model. The result indicates that temperature and relative humidity are the dominant factors and Hangzhou belongs to VOC-limited regime. Long-range/regional transport accounts for 15.4% and 17.4% of O3 in autumn and winter, respectively, showing a north-to-south transport pattern while 14.5% and 19.7% of O3 in spring and summer, respectively, showing a southwest-to-northeast transport pattern. Annual contribution of local industry to local O3 was 59.2%, followed by residence, traffic and agriculture. Ethylene, m/p-xylene, toluene and propylene are the main O3 producers. Therefore, controlling VOCs species that possess the highest ozone formation potentials, afforestation, implementing artificial precipitation and shutdown local industry are the most effective ways to mitigate ozone pollution in Hangzhou.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvim, D., Gatti, L., Corrêa, S., Chiquetto, J., Santos, G., Rossatti, C., Pretto, P., Rozante, J., Figueroa, S., Pendharkar, J., Nobre, P.: Determining VOCs reactivity for ozone forming potential in the megacity of São Paulo. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 18(9), 2460–2474 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.10.0361
Astitha, M., Luo, H., Rao, T., Hogrefe, C., Mathur, R., Kumar, N.: Dynamic evaluation of two decades of WRF-CMAQ ozone simulations over the contiguous United States. Atmos. Environ. 164, 102–116 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.020
Barnes, B., Cannizzaro, J., English, D., Hu, C.: Validation of VIIRS and MODIS reflectance data in coastal and oceanic waters: An assessment of methods. Remote Sens. Environ. 220, 110–123 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.10.034
Boylan, J.W., Russell, A.G.: PM and light extinction model performance metrics, goals, and criteria for three-dimensional air quality models. Atmos. Environ. 40(26), 4946–4959 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.087
Breedt, H., Craig, K., Jothiprakasam, V.: Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and its application to wind flow modelling over complex terrain. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 182, 308–321 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.09.026
Carter, W.: Development of the SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism. Atmos. Environ. 44(40), 5324–5335 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.026
Carter, W., Seinfeld, J.: Winter ozone formation and VOC incremental reactivities in the Upper Green River Basin of Wyoming. Atmos. Environ. 50, 255–266 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.025
Chan, K., Yao, X.: Air pollution in mega cities in China. Atmos. Environ. 42(1), 1–42 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003
Chan, K., Wang, S., Liu, C., Zhou, B., Wenig, M., Saiz-Lopez, A.: On the summertime air quality and related photochemical processes in the megacity Shanghai, China. Sci. Total Environ. 580, 974–983 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.052
Chen, Y., Zhu, Z., Luo, L., Zhang, J.: Severe haze in Hangzhou in winter 2013/14 and associated meteorological anomalies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans. 81, 73–83 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2018.01.002
Cho, S., Morris, R., McEachern, P., Shah, T., Johnson, J., Nopmongcol, U.: Emission sources sensitivity study for ground-level ozone and PM2.5 due to oil sands development using air quality modeling system: part II- source apportionment modeling. Atmos. Environ. 55, 542–556 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.025
Dong, H., Cao, S., Takemi, T., Ge, Y.: WRF simulation of surface wind in high latitudes. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 179, 287–296 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.06.009
Feng, R., Wang, Q., Huang, C., Liang, J., Luo, K., Fan, J., Zheng, H.: Ethylene, xylene, toluene and hexane are major contributors of atmospheric ozone in Hangzhou, China, prior to the 2022 Asian games. Environ. Chem. Lett. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-00846-w
Feng, R., Wang, Q., Huang, C., Liang, J., Luo, K., Fan, J., Cen, K.: Investigation on air pollution control strategy in Hangzhou for post-G20/pre-Asian-games period (2018–2020). Atmos. Pollut. Res. 10(1), 197–208 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.07.006
Fountoukis, C., Martín-Pomares, L., Perez-Astudillo, D., Bachour, D., Gladich, I.: Simulating global horizontal irradiance in the Arabian Peninsula: sensitivity to explicit treatment of aerosols. Sol. Energy. 163, 347–355 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.02.001
Fu, Q., Mo, Z., Lyu, D., Zhang, L., Qin, Z., Tang, Q., Yin, H., Xu, P., Wu, L., Lou, X., Chen, Z., Yao, K.: Air pollution and outpatient visits for conjunctivitis: a case-crossover study in Hangzhou, China. Environ. Pollut. 231(2), 1344–1350 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.109
Ganeshan, M., Murtugudde, R., Imhoff, M.: A multi-city analysis of the UHI-influence on warm season rainfall. Urban Climate. 6, 1–23 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.09.004
Gao, J., Zhu, B., Xiao, H., Kang, H., Hou, X., Shao, P.: A case study of surface ozone source apportionment during a high concentration episode, under frequent shifting wind conditions over the Yangtze River Delta, China. Sci. Total Environ. 544, 853–863 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.039
Gao, W., Tie, X., Xu, J., Huang, R., Mao, X., Zhou, G., Chang, L.: Long-term trend of O3 in a mega City (Shanghai), China: characteristics, causes, and interactions with precursors. Sci. Total Environ. 603-604, 425–433 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.099
Geng, F., Tie, X., Xu, J., Zhou, G., Peng, L., Gao, W., Tang, X., Zhao, C.: Characterizations of ozone, NOx, and VOCs measured in Shanghai, China. 42 (29). Atmos. Environ. 42(29), 6873–6883 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.045
Geng, F., Qiang, Z., Tie, X., Huang, M., Ma, X., Deng, Z., Quan, J., Zhao, C.: Aircraft measurements of O3, NOx, CO, VOCs, and SO2 in the Yangtze River Delta region. Atmos. Environ. 43, 584–593 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.021
Geng, F., Tie, X., Guenther, A., Li, G., Cao, J., Harley, P.: Effect of isoprene emissions from major forests on ozone formation in the city of Shanghai, China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 10449–10459 (2011). https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10449-2011
He, X., Pang, S., Ma, J., Zhang, Y.: Influence of relative humidity on heterogeneous reactions of O3 and O3/SO2 with soot particles: potential for environmental and health effects. Atmos. Environ. 165, 198–206 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.049
Hou, X., Zhu, B., Fei, D., Wang, D.: The impacts of summer monsoons on the ozone budget of the atmospheric boundary layer of the Asia-Pacific region. Sci. Total Environ. 502, 641–649 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.075
Hua, Y., Xie, R., Su, Y.: Fiscal spending and air pollution in Chinese cities: identifying composition and technique effects. China Econ. Rev. 47, 156–169 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.09.007
Ito, T., Ogino, K., Nagaoka, K., Takemoto, K.: Relationship of particulate matter and ozone with 3-nitrotyrosine in the atmosphere. Environ. Pollut. 236, 948–952 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.069
Kishné, A., Yiman, Y., Morgan, C., Dornblaser, B.: Evaluation and improvement of the default soil hydraulic parameters for the Noah land surface model. Geoderma. 285, 247–259 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.09.022
Kumar, M., Tsujimura, T., Suzuki, Y.: NOx model development and validation with diesel and hydrogen/diesel dual-fuel system on diesel engine. Energy. 145, 495–506 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.148
Li, J., Yang, W., Wang, Z., Chen, H., Hu, B., Li, J., Sun, Y., Fu, P., Zhang, Y.: Modeling study of surface ozone source-receptor relationships in East Asia. Atmos. Res. 167, 77–88 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.010
Li, M., Song, Y., Mao, Z., Liu, M., Huang, X.: Impacts of thermal circulations induced by urbanization on ozone formation in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Atmos. Environ. 127, 382–392 (2016b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.075
Li, K., Chen, L., Ying, F., White, S., Jang, C., Wu, X., Gao, X., Hong, S., Shen, J., Azzi, M., Cen, K.: Meteorological and chemical impacts on ozone formation: a case study in Hangzhou, China. Atmos. Res. 196, 40–52 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.003
Li, K., Hong, L., White, S., Zheng, X., Lv, B., Lin, C., Bao, Z., Wu, X., Gao, X., Ying, F., Shen, J., Azzi, M., Cen, K.: Chemical characteristics and sources of PM1 during the 2016 summer in Hangzhou. Environ. Pollut. 232, 42–54 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.016
Li, S., Wang, T., Huang, X., Pu, X., Li, M., Chen, P., Yang, X., Wang, M.: Impact of east Asian summer monsoon on surface ozone pattern in China. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 123(2), 1401–1411 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027190
Li, G., Zhang, X., Mirzaei, P., Zhang, J., Zhao, Z.: Urban heat island effect of a typical valley city in China: responds to the global warming and rapid urbanization. Sustain. Cities Soc. 38, 736–745 (2018c). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.033
Liao, Z., Gao, M., Sun, J., Fan, S.: The impact of synoptic circulation on air quality and pollution-related human health in the Yangtze River Delta region. Sci. Total Environ. 607-608, 838–846 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.031
Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Xing, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, K., Streets, D., Jang, C., Wang, W., Hao, J.: Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ, part II: process analysis and sensitivity of ozone and particulate matter to precursor emissions. Atmos. Environ. 44(30), 3719–3727 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.036
Liu, H., Liu, S., Xue, B., Lv, Z., Meng, Z., Yang, X., Xue, T., Yu, Q., He, K.: Ground-level ozone pollution and its health impacts in China. Atmos. Environ. 173, 223–230 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.014
Liu, Y., Li, L., An, J., Huang, L., Yan, R., Huang, C., Wang, H., Wang, Q., Wang, M., Zhang, W.: Estimation of biogenic VOCS emissions and its impact on ozone formation over the Yangtze River Delta region, China. Atmos. Environ. 186, 113–128 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.027
Marais, E., Jacob, D., Wecht, K., Lerot, C., Zhang, L., Yu, K., Kurosu, T., Chance, K., Sauvage, B.: Anthropogenic emissions in Nigeria and implications for atmospheric ozone pollution: a view from space. Atmos. Environ. 99, 32–40 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.055
Mohr, K., Tao, W., Chern, J., Kumar, S., Peters-Lidard, C.: The NASA-Goddard multi-scale modeling framework–land information system: global land/atmosphere interaction with resolved convection. Environ. Model Softw. 39, 103–115 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.02.023
Oyola, M., Schneider, A., Campbell, J., Joseph, E.: Meteorological influences on tropospheric ozone over suburban Washington, DC. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 18(5), 1168–1182 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.12.0574
Qian, Z.: Hangzhou. In: City Profile: Hangzhou. Cities, vol. 48, pp. 42–54 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.06.004
Song, C., Wu, L., Xie, Y., He, J., Chen, X., Wang, T., Lin, Y., Jin, T., Wang, A., Liu, Y., Dai, Q., Liu, B., Wang, Y., Mao, H.: Air pollution in China: status and spatiotemporal variations. Environ. Pollut. 227, 334–347 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.075
Tai, A., Martin, A.: Impacts of ozone air pollution and temperature extremes on crop yields: spatial variability, adaptation and implications for future food security. Atmos. Environ. 169, 11–21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.002
Tambo, E., Wang, D., Zhou, X.: Tackling air pollution and extreme climate changes in China: implementing the Paris climate change agreement. Environ. Int. 95, 152–156 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.010
Tan, Z., Lu, K., Jiang, M., Su, R., Dong, H., Zeng, L., Xie, S., Tan, Q., Zhang, Y.: Exploring ozone pollution in Chengdu, southwestern China: a case study from radical chemistry to O3-VOC-NOx sensitivity. Sci. Total Environ. 636, 775–786 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.286
Telesnicki, M., Martínez-Ghersa, M., Ghersa, C.: Plant oxidative status under ozone pollution as predictor for aphid population growth: the case of Metopolophium dirhodum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Triticum aestivum (Poales: Poaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 77, 51–56 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2018.02.004
Tie, X., Geng, F., Guenther, A., Cao, J., Greenburg, J., Zhang, R., Apel, E., Li, G., Weinheimer, A., Chen, J., Cai, C.: Megacity impacts on regional ozone formation: observations and WRF-Chem modeling for the MIRAGE-Shanghai field campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 5655–5669 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5655-2013
Wang, T., Wei, X., Ding, A.: Increasing surface ozone concentrations in the background-level atmosphere of Southern China, 1994–2007. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(16), 6217–6227 (2009)
Wang, P., Schade, G., Estes, M., Ying, Q.: Improved MEGAN predictions of biogenic isoprene in the contiguous United States. Atmos. Environ. 148, 337–351 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.006
Wang, Y., Du, H., Xu, Y., Lu, D., Wang, X., Guo, Z.: Temporal and spatial variation relationship and influence factors on surface urban heat island and ozone pollution in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Sci. Total Environ. 631-632, 921–933 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.050
Wang, Q., Li, S., Dong, M., Li, W., Gao, X., Ye, R., Zhang, D.: VOCs emission characteristics and priority control analysis based on VOCs emission inventories and ozone formation potentials in Zhoushan. Atmos. Environ. 182, 234–241 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.034
Wie, J., Moon, B.: Impact of the Western North Pacific subtropical high on summer surface ozone in the Korean Peninsula. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 9(4), 655–661 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.12.012
Wu, W.: City profile: Shanghai. Cities. 16(3), 207–216 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00047-X
Wu, X., Chen, S., Guo, J., Gao, G.: Effect of air pollution on the stock yield of heavy pollution enterprises in China's key control cities. J. Clean. Prod. 170, 399–406 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.154
Xiao, H., Sun, J., Bian, X., Dai, Z.: GPU acceleration of the WSM6 cloud microphysics scheme in GRAPES model. Comput. Geosci. 59, 156–162 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2013.06.016
Xu, Z., Huang, X., Nie, W., Chi, X., Xu, Z., Zheng, L., Sun, P., Ding, A.: Influence of synoptic condition and holiday effects on VOCs and ozone production in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. Atmos. Environ. 168, 112–124 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.035
Zepka, G., Pinto, O., Saraiva, A.: Lightning forecasting in southeastern Brazil using the WRF model. Atmos. Res. 135-136, 344–362 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.008
Zhang, W., Wang, G., Liu, X., Feng, Z.: Effects of elevated O3 exposure on seed yield, N concentration and photosynthesis of nine soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Northeast China. Plant Sci. 226, 172–181 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.020
Zhang, Y., Qu, S., Zhao, J., Zhu, G., Zhang, Y., Lu, X., Sabel, C., Wang, H.: Quantifying regional consumption-based health impacts attributable to ambient air pollution in China. Environ. Int. 112, 100–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.021
Zhao, Z., Wang, Y.: Influence of the West Pacific subtropical high on surface ozone daily variability in summertime over eastern China. Atmos. Environ. 170, 197–204 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.024
Zhao, Y., Xia, Y., Zhou, Y.: Assessment of a high-resolution NOX emission inventory using satellite observations: a case study of southern Jiangsu, China. Atmos. Environ. 190, 135–145 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.029
Zouzelka, R., Rathousky, J.: Photocatalytic abatement of NOx pollutants in the air using commercial functional coating with porous morphology. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 217, 466–476 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.06.009
Acknowledgments
This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51390493 and 51476144).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Yunsoo Choi.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Feng, R., Luo, K. & Fan, Jr. Decoding Tropospheric Ozone in Hangzhou, China: from Precursors to Sources. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 56, 321–331 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-019-00124-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-019-00124-x