Abstract
A new approach for flow simulation in very complex discrete fracture networks based on PDE-constrained optimization has been recently proposed in Berrone et al. (SIAM J Sci Comput 35(2):B487–B510, 2013b; J Comput Phys 256:838–853, 2014) with the aim of improving robustness with respect to geometrical complexities. This is an essential issue, in particular for applications requiring simulations on geometries automatically generated like the ones used for uncertainty quantification analyses and hydro-mechanical simulations. In this paper, implementation of this approach in order to exploit Nvidia Compute Unified Device Architecture is discussed with the main focus to speed up the linear algebra operations required by the approach, being this task the most computational demanding part of the approach. Furthermore, two different approaches for linear algebra operations and two storage formats for sparse matrices are compared in terms of computational efficiency and memory constraints.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed, R., Edwards, M.G., Lamine, S., Huisman, B.A., Pal, M.: CVD-MPFA full pressure support, coupled unstructured discrete fracture–matrix Darcy-flux approximations. J. Comput. Phys. 349, 265–299 (2017)
Al-Hinai, O., Singh, G., Pencheva, G., Almani, T., Wheeler, M.F., et al.: Modeling multiphase flow with nonplanar fractures. In: SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers (2013)
Al-Hinai, O., Wheeler, M.F., Yotov, I.: A generalized mimetic finite difference method and two-point flux schemes over Voronoi diagrams. ESAIM Math. Model. Numer. Anal. 51(2), 679–706 (2017)
Antonietti, P., Formaggia, L., Scotti, A., Verani, M., Verzott, N.: Mimetic finite difference approximation of flows in fractured porous media. ESAIM Math. Model. Numer. Anal. 50(3), 809–832 (2016)
Beirão da Veiga, L., Brezzi, F., Cangiani, A., Manzini, G., Marini, L.D., Russo, A.: Basic principles of virtual element methods. Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 23(01), 199–214 (2013)
Beirão da Veiga, L., Lipnikov, K., Manzini, G.: The Mimetic Finite Difference Method for Elliptic Problems, vol. 11. Springer, Berlin (2014)
Benedetto, M.F., Berrone, S., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: The virtual element method for discrete fracture network simulations. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 280, 135–156 (2014)
Benedetto, M.F., Berrone, S., Borio, A., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: A hybrid mortar virtual element method for discrete fracture network simulations. J. Comput. Phys. 306, 148–166 (2016)
Benedetto, M.F., Borio, A., Scialò, S.: Mixed virtual elements for discrete fracture network simulations. Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 134, 55–67 (2017)
Berrone, S., Borio, A.: Orthogonal polynomials in badly shaped polygonal elements for the virtual element method. Finite Elem. Anal. Des. 129, 14–31 (2017)
Berrone, S., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: On simulations of discrete fracture network flows with an optimization-based extended finite element method. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 35(2), A908–A935 (2013a)
Berrone, S., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: A PDE-constrained optimization formulation for discrete fracture network flows. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 35(2), B487–B510 (2013b)
Berrone, S., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: An optimization approach for large scale simulations of discrete fracture network flows. J. Comput. Phys. 256, 838–853 (2014)
Berrone, S., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S., Vicini, F.: A parallel solver for large scale DFN flow simulations. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 37(3), C285–C306 (2015)
Berrone, S., Borio, A., Scialò, S.: A posteriori error estimate for a PDE-constrained optimization formulation for the flow in DFNs. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 54(1), 242–261 (2016a)
Berrone, S., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: Towards effective flow simulations in realistic discrete fracture networks. J. Comput. Phys. 310, 181–201 (2016b)
Berrone, S., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: Flow simulations in porous media with immersed intersecting fractures. J. Comput. Phys. 345, 768–791 (2017a)
Berrone, S., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: Non-stationary transport phenomena in networks of fractures: effective simulations and stochastic analysis. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 315, 1098–1112 (2017b)
Berrone, S., Canuto, C., Pieraccini, S., Scialò, S.: Uncertainty quantification in discrete fracture network models: stochastic geometry. Water Resour. Res. 54, 1338–1352 (2018)
Brenner, K., Hennicker, J., Masson, R., Samier, P.: Gradient discretization of hybrid-dimensional Darcy flow in fractured porous media with discontinuous pressures at matrix–fracture interfaces. IMA J. Numer. Anal. 37(3), 1551–1585 (2017)
Cacas, M.C., Ledoux, E., de Marsily, G., Tillie, B., Barbreau, A., Durand, E., Feuga, B., Peaudecerf, P.: Modeling fracture flow with a stochastic discrete fracture network: calibration and validation: 1. The flow model. Water Resour. Res. 26, 479–489 (1990)
Chave, F., Di Pietro, D.A., Formaggia, L.: A hybrid high-order method for Darcy flows in fractured porous media. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 40(2), A1063–A1094 (2018)
de Dreuzy, J.R., Davy, P., Bour, O.: Hydraulic properties of two-dimensional random fracture networks following a power law length distribution: 2. Permeability of networks based on log-normal distribution of apertures. Water Resour. Res. 37(8), 2079–2095 (2001)
de Dreuzy, J.R., Pichot, G., Poirriez, B., Erhel, J.: Synthetic benchmark for modeling flow in 3D fractured media. Comput. Geosci. 50, 59–71 (2013)
Dershowitz, W.S., Einstein, H.H.: Characterizing rock joint geometry with joint system models. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 1, 21–51 (1988)
Dershowitz, W.S., Fidelibus, C.: Derivation of equivalent pipe networks analogues for three-dimensional discrete fracture networks by the boundary element method. Water Resour. Res. 35, 2685–2691 (1999)
Fidelibus, C.: The 2D hydro-mechanically coupled response of a rock mass with fractures via a mixed BEM–FEM technique. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 31(11), 1329–1348 (2007)
Fidelibus, C., Cammarata, G., Cravero, M.: Hydraulic characterization of fractured rocks. In: Abbie, M., Bedford, J.S. (eds.) Rock Mechanics: New Research. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York (2009)
Flemisch, B., Berre, I., Boon, W., Fumagalli, A., Schwenck, N., Scotti, A., Stefansson, I., Tatomir, A.: Benchmarks for single-phase flow in fractured porous media. Adv. Water Resour. 111, 239–258 (2018)
Franc, J., Jeannin, L., Debenest, G., Masson, R.: FV-MHMM method for reservoir modeling. Comput. Geosci. 21(5), 895–908 (2017)
Fumagalli, A., Keilegavlen, E.: Dual virtual element method for discrete fractures networks. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 40(1), B228–B258 (2018)
Fumagalli, A., Keilegavlen, E., Scialò, S.: Conforming, non-conforming and non-matching discretization couplings in discrete fracture network simulations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2018.09.048 (2018)
Fumagalli, A., Scotti, A.: An efficient XFEM approximation of Darcy flows in arbitrarily fractured porous media. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. Rev. dIFP Energ. Nouv. 69(4), 555–564 (2014)
Garipov, T.T., Karimi-Fard, M., Tchelepi, H.A.: Discrete fracture model for coupled flow and geomechanics. Comput. Geosci. 20(1), 149–160 (2016)
Guennebaud, G., Jacob, B., et al.: Eigen v3 documentation. http://eigen.tuxfamily.org (2010). Accessed 10 Oct 2018
Hadgu, T., Karra, S., Kalinina, E., Makedonska, N., Hyman, J.D., Klise, K., Viswanathan, H.S., Wang, Y.: A comparative study of discrete fracture network and equivalent continuum models for simulating flow and transport in the far field of a hypothetical nuclear waste repository in crystalline host rock. J. Hydrol. 553, 59–70 (2017)
Hyman, J.D., Gable, C.W., Painter, S.L., Makedonska, N.: Conforming Delaunay triangulation of stochastically generated three dimensional discrete fracture networks: a feature rejection algorithm for meshing strategy. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 36(4), A1871–A1894 (2014)
Jaffré, J., Roberts, J.E.: Modeling flow in porous media with fractures; discrete fracture models with matrix–fracture exchange. Numer. Anal. Appl. 5(2), 162–167 (2012)
Lenti, V., Fidelibus, C.: A BEM solution of steady-state flow problems in discrete fracture networks with minimization of core storage. Comput. Geosci. 29(9), 1183–1190 (2003)
Manzoor, S., Edwards, M.G., Dogru, A.H., Al-Shaalan, T.M.: Interior boundary-aligned unstructured grid generation and cell-centered versus vertex-centered CVD-MPFA performance. Comput. Geosci. 22(1), 195–230 (2018)
Merrill, D., Garland, M.: Merge-based parallel sparse matrix–vector multiplication. In: Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, SC’16, pp. 58:1–58:12. IEEE Press, Piscataway (2016)
Mustapha, H., Mustapha, K.: A new approach to simulating flow in discrete fracture networks with an optimized mesh. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 29(4), 1439–1459 (2007)
Ngo, T.D., Fourno, A., Noetinger, B.: Modeling of transport processes through large-scale discrete fracture networks using conforming meshes and open-source software. J. Hydrol. 554, 66–79 (2017)
Noetinger, B.: A quasi steady state method for solving transient Darcy flow in complex 3D fractured networks accounting for matrix to fracture flow. J. Comput. Phys. 283, 205–223 (2015)
Noetinger, B., Jarrige, N.: A quasi steady state method for solving transient Darcy flow in complex 3D fractured networks. J. Comput. Phys. 231(1), 23–38 (2012)
Nvidia, C: Cublas documentation. http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cublas (2008a). Accessed 10 Oct 2018
Nvidia, C.: Cuda toolkit. https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-toolkit (2008b). Accessed 10 Oct 2018
Nvidia, C.: Cuda toolkit documentation. http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda-toolkit (2008c). Accessed 10 Oct 2018
Nvidia, C.: Cusparse documentation. http://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cusparse (2008d). Accessed 10 Oct 2018
Parramore, E., Edwards, M.G., Pal, M., Lamine, S.: Multiscale finite-volume CVD-MPFA formulations on structured and unstructured grids. Multiscale Model. Simul. 14(2), 559–594 (2016)
Pichot, G., Erhel, J., de Dreuzy, J.R.: A mixed hybrid mortar method for solving flow in discrete fracture networks. Appl. Anal. 89(10), 1629–1643 (2010)
Pichot, G., Erhel, J., de Dreuzy, J.R.: A generalized mixed hybrid mortar method for solving flow in stochastic discrete fracture networks. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 34(1), B86–B105 (2012)
Pichot, G., Poirriez, B., Erhel, J., de Dreuzy, J.R.: A mortar BDD method for solving flow in stochastic discrete fracture networks. In: Erhel, J., Gander, M., Halpern, L., Pichot, G., Sassi, T., Widlund, O. (eds.) Domain Decomposition Methods in Science and Engineering XXI, pp. 99–112. Springer, Cham (2014)
Sentís, M.L., Gable, C.W.: Coupling LaGrit unstructured mesh generation and model setup with TOUGH2 flow and transport: a case study. Comput. Geosci. 108, 42–49 (2017)
Shewchuk, J.R.: Triangle: engineering a 2D quality mesh generator and Delaunay triangulator. In: Lin, M.C., Manocha, D. (eds.) Applied Computational Geometry: Towards Geometric Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1148, pp. 203–222. Springer, Berlin (1996). (from the first ACM workshop on applied computational geometry)
Shewchuk, J.R.: Delaunay refinement algorithms for triangular mesh generation. Comput. Geom. 22(1), 21–74 (2002). (16th ACM symposium on computational geometry)
Vohralík, M., Maryška, J., Severýn, O.: Mixed and nonconforming finite element methods on a system of polygons. Appl. Numer. Math. 51, 176–193 (2007)
Xing, F., Masson, R., Lopez, S.: Parallel vertex approximate gradient discretization of hybrid dimensional Darcy flow and transport in discrete fracture networks. Comput. Geosci. 21(4), 595–617 (2017)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This research has been partially supported by INdAM-GNCS Projects 2017 and 2018, and by the MIUR Project “Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022”. Computational resources were partially provided by HPC@POLITO (http://hpc.polito.it) and by CINECA Project IsC58 HP10CDFLWH.
Authors are members of the INdAM research group GNCS.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Berrone, S., D’Auria, A. & Vicini, F. Fast and robust flow simulations in discrete fracture networks with GPGPUs. Int J Geomath 10, 8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13137-019-0121-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13137-019-0121-y