Abstract
The critical importance of knowledge sourcing as learning relationships and its impact on innovation have been widely discussed in the cluster literature. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, inspired by the relational turn in economic geography, this paper reviews the driving forces of relational knowledge sourcing in clusters. Particularly, it discusses the critical factors of inter-organizational knowledge sourcing embedded at node (agency), dyadic (proximity), and structural (network micro-determinants) levels. In doing so, it goes beyond the cluster literature and builds on concepts and evidence in multiple related fields ranging from network science to behavioral studies, to relational inequality theory and evolutionary economic geography. Second, it synthesizes and extends the scholarly debate on knowledge sourcing in clusters by addressing a multilevel perspective. This article raises multiple theoretically informed research questions for future empirical cluster studies and underlines potential implications for cluster and place-based innovation policies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Several studies in political science include behavioural dimensions using the stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOM) that can be used as a point of departure for integrating behavioural dimensions into knowledge sourcing studies. See Manger et al. (2012), Rhue and Sundararajan (2014), Berardo and Scholz (2010), and Liang (2013).
References
Abbasiharofteh, M., & Broekel, T. (2020). Still in the shadow of the wall? The case of the Berlin biotechnology cluster. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20933904
Abbasiharofteh, M., Kinne, J., & Krüger, M. (2023). Leveraging the digital layer: the strength of weak and strong ties in bridging geographic and cognitive distances. Journal of Economic Geography, lbad037. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbad037
Abbasiharofteh, M., Castaldi, C., & Petralia, S. G. (2022). From patents to trademarks: Towards a concordance map : European Patent Office (EPO).
Abbasiharofteh, M., Krüger, M., Kinne, J., Lenz, D., & Resch, B. (2023). The digital layer: Alternative data for regional and innovation studies. Spatial Economic Analysis.
Abbasiharofteh, M. (2020). Endogenous effects and cluster transition: A conceptual framework for cluster policy. European Planning Studies, 28, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.1724266
Aguinis, H., Boyd, B. K., Pierce, C. A., Short, J. C., Moliterno, T. P., & Mahony, D. M. (2010). Network theory of organization: A multilevel approach. Journal of Management, 37, 443–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310371692
Ahuja, G., Soda, G., & Zaheer, A. (2012). The genesis and dynamics of organizational networks. Organization Science, 23, 434–448. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1110.0695
Anselin, L., Varga, A., & Acs, Z. (1997). Local geographic spillovers between university research and high technology innovations. Journal of Urban Economics, 42, 422–448. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1997.2032
Audretsch, D., & Feldman, M. P. (1996). R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. American Economic Review, 86(3), 630–640.
Balland, P.-A., Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2020b). Proximity, innovation and networks: A concise review and some next steps. Utrecht: Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Group Economic Geography, Utrecht University.
Balland, P.-A., Belso-Martínez, J. A., & Morrison, A. (2015b). The dynamics of technical and business knowledge networks in industrial clusters: Embeddedness, status, or proximity? Economic Geography, 92(1), 35–60.
Balland, P.-A., Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2015a). Proximity and innovation: From statics to dynamics. Regional Studies, 49, 907–920. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.883598
Balland, P.-A., de Vaan, M., & Boschma, R. (2013). The dynamics of interfirm networks along the industry life cycle: The case of the global video game industry, 1987–2007. Journal of Economic Geography, 13, 741–765. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs023
Balland, P.-A., Jara-Figueroa, C., Petralia, S. G., Steijn, M. P. A., Rigby, D. L., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2020a). Complex economic activities concentrate in large cities. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0803-3
Balland, P.-A., & Rigby, D. (2016). The geography of complex knowledge. Economic Geography, 93, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2016.1205947
Barabási, A.-L., & Albert, R. (1999). Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286, 509–512. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5439.509
Basile, R., & capello, R., & Caragliu, A. (2012). Technological interdependence and regional growth in Europe: Proximity and synergy in knowledge spillovers. Papers in Regional Science, 91(4), 697–722.
Bathelt, H., & Glückler, J. (2003). Toward a relational economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 3, 117–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/3.2.117
Bathelt, H., & Glückler, J. (2011). The relational economy: Geographies of knowing and learning. Oxford University Press.
Bathelt, H., & Glückler, J. (2018). Relational research design in economic geography. In G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman, M. S. Gertler, & D. Wójcik (Eds.), The new Oxford handbook of economic geography (pp. 179–195). Oxford University Press.
Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2004). Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography, 28, 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph469oa
Baumgartinger-Seiringer, S., Miörner, J., & Trippl, M. (2021). Towards a stage model of regional industrial path transformation. Industry & Innovation, 28, 160–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2020.1789452
Becattini, G. (1990). The Marshallian district as a socio-economic notion. In F. Pyke, G. Becattini, & W. Sengenberger (Eds.), Industrial districts and inter-firm co-operation in Italy (pp. 37–51). International Institute for Labour Studies.
Belso-Martinez, J. A. (2016). How networks evolve during advanced stages of the cluster life cycle? In C. Boari, T. Elfring, & X. F. Molina-Morales (Eds.), Entrepreneurship and cluster dynamics (pp. 16–33, Routledge Studies in Entrepreneurship). London: Routledge.
Belso-Martínez, J., Expósito-Langa, M., Mas-Verdú, F., & Molina-Morales, F. (2017). Dynamics of brokerage positions in clusters: Evidence from the Spanish foodstuffs industry. Sustainability, 9, 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020290
Berardo, R., & Scholz, J. T. (2010). Self-organizing policy networks: Risk, partner selection, and cooperation in estuaries. American Journal of Political Science, 54, 632–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00451.x
Bernela, B., Ferru, M., & Rallet, A. (2019). The impact of digital technologies on perceptions of proximity. hal-02051751f.
Borgatti, S. P., & Everett, M. G. (2000). Models of core/periphery structures. Social Networks, 21, 375–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(99)00019-2
Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2010). The spatial evolution of innovation networks. A proximity perspective. In R. Boschma & R. Martin (Eds.), The handbook of evolutionary economic geography (pp. 120–135): Edward Elgar Publishing.
Boschma, R., & Balland, P.-A. (2020). Complementary inter-regional linkages and smart specialization: An empirical study on European regions. Utrecht: Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Group Economic Geography, Utrecht University.
Boschma, R. (2005). Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment. Regional Studies, 39, 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340052000320887
Boschma, R., & Martin, R. (Eds.). (2010). The handbook of evolutionary economic geography. Cheltenham, U.K: Edward Elgar Pub.
Boschma, R. (2018). A concise history of the knowledge base literature: Challenging questions for future research. In A. Isaksen, R. Martin, & M. Trippl (Eds.), New avenues for regional innovation systems - Theoretical advances, empirical cases and policy lessons (pp. 23–40). Springer International Publishing.
Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2018). Evolutionary economic geography. In G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman, M. S. Gertler, & D. Wójcik (Eds.), The new Oxford handbook of economic geography (pp. 213–229). Oxford University Press.
Boschma, R. A., & Ter Wal, A. L. J. (2007). Knowledge networks and innovative performance in an industrial district: The case of a footwear district in the south of Italy. Industry & Innovation, 14, 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662710701253441
Brenner, T., Cantner, U., Fornahl, D., Fromhold-Eisebith, M., & Werker, C. (2011). Regional innovation systems, clusters, and knowledge networking. Papers in Regional Science, 90, 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00368.x
Breschi, S., Malerba, F., & Orsenigo, L. (2000). Technological regimes and Schumpeterian patterns of innovation. The Economic Journal, 110, 388–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00530
Broekel, T. (2015). The co-evolution of proximities - A network level study. Regional Studies, 49, 921–935. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.1001732
Broekel, T. (2019). Using structural diversity to measure the complexity of technologies. PLoS ONE, 14, e0216856. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216856
Broekel, T., & Boschma, R. (2012). Knowledge networks in the Dutch aviation industry: The proximity paradox. Journal of Economic Geography, 12, 409–433. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr010
Buenstorf, G., & Klepper, S. (2009). Heritage and agglomeration: The Akron tyre cluster revisited. The Economic Journal, 119, 705–733. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02216.x
Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Harvard Univ. Press.
Burt, R. S., Hogarth, R. M., & Michaud, C. (2000). The social capital of French and American managers. Organization Science, 11, 123–147. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.2.123.12506
Burt, R. S., Kilduff, M., & Tasselli, S. (2013). Social network analysis: Foundations and frontiers on advantage. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 527–547. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143828
Cantner, U., Graf, H., & Hinzmann, S. (2013). Policy induced innovation networks: The case of the German “leading-edge cluster competition”. In T. Scherngell (Ed.), The geography of networks and R&D collaborations (pp. 335–352, Advances in spatial science). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Capello, R. (1999). Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux: Learning versus collective learning processes. Regional Studies, 33, 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409950081211
Capone, F., & Lazzeretti, L. (2018). The different roles of proximity in multiple informal network relationships: Evidence from the cluster of high technology applied to cultural goods in Tuscany. Industry & Innovation, 25, 897–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2018.1442713
Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. (2009). 'Mode 3'and'Quadruple Helix': Toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem. International Journal of Technology Management, 46(3–4), 201–234.
Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. (2011). Open innovation diplomacy and a 21st century fractal research, education and innovation (FREIE) ecosystem: building on the quadruple and quintuple helix innovation concepts and the “mode 3” knowledge production system. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2, 327–372.
Castro, I., Casanueva, C., & Galán, J. L. (2014). Dynamic evolution of alliance portfolios. European Management Journal, 32, 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.06.006
Clark, G. L. (2018). Behaviour in context. In G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman, M. S. Gertler, & D. Wójcik (Eds.), The new Oxford handbook of economic geography (pp. 196–212). Oxford University Press.
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
Cooke, P. (1992). Regional innovation systems: Competitive regulation in the new Europe. Geoforum, 23, 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(92)90048-9
Cooke, P., Asheim, B., Boschma, R., Martin, R., Schwartz, D., & Tödtling, F. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of regional innovation and growth. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Pub.
Cortinovis, N., Xiao, J., Boschma, R., & van Oort, F. G. (2017). Quality of government and social capital as drivers of regional diversification in Europe. Journal of Economic Geography, 17, 1179–1208. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbx001
Cozzo, E., Arruda, G. F., Rodrigues, F. A., & Moreno, Y. (2018). Multiplex networks: Basic formalism and structural properties / Emanuele Cozzo, Guilherme Ferraz de Arruda, Francisco Aparecido Rodrigues, Yamir Moreno (SpringerBriefs in complexity). Springer.
Crespo, J., Suire, R., & Vicente, J. (2013). Lock-in or lock-out? How structural properties of knowledge networks affect regional resilience. Journal of Economic Geography, 14, 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbt006
Davids, M., & Frenken, K. (2017). Proximity, knowledge base and the innovation process: Towards an integrated framework. Regional Studies, 52, 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2017.1287349
Dayasindhu, N. (2002). Embeddedness, knowledge transfer, industry clusters and global competitiveness: A case study of the Indian software industry. Technovation, 22, 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00098-0
DeStefano, D., & Zaccarin, S. (2013). Modelling multiple interactions in science and technology networks. Industry & Innovation, 20(3), 221–240.
deVaan, M., & Wang, D. (2020). Micro-structural foundations of network inequality: Evidence from a field experiment in professional networking. Social Networks, 63, 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2020.07.002
Dyba, W., Stryjakiewicz, T., & de Marchi, V. (2020). Knowledge sourcing and cluster life cycle – A comparative study of furniture clusters in Italy and Poland. European Planning Studies, 28, 1979–1998. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1701996
Ebbers, J. J., & Wijnberg, N. M. (2010). Disentangling the effects of reputation and network position on the evolution of alliance networks. Strategic Organization, 8, 255–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127010381102
Emre Yildiz, H., Murtic, A., Klofsten, M., Zander, U., & Richtnér, A. (2020). Individual and contextual determinants of innovation performance: A micro-foundations perspective. Technovation, 102–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102130
Feld, S. (1981). The focused organization of social ties. American Journal of Sociology, 86(5), 1015–1035.
Feldman, M. P., & Audretsch, D. B. (1999). Innovation in cities: Science-based diversity, specialization and localized competition. European Economic Review, 43, 409–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(98)00047-6
Ferriani, S., Fonti, F., & Corrado, R. (2013). The social and economic bases of network multiplexity: Exploring the emergence of multiplex ties. Strategic Organization, 11, 7–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127012461576
Fitjar, R. D., & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2017). Nothing is in the air. Growth and Change, 48, 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12161
Fornahl, D., Broekel, T., & Boschma, R. (2011). What drives patent performance of German biotech firms?: The impact of R&D subsidies, knowledge networks and their location. Papers in Regional Science, 90, 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00361.x
Fornahl, D., & Hassink, R. (Eds.). (2017). The life cycle of clusters: A policy perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Frenken, K., Cefis, E., & Stam, E. (2012). Industrial dynamics and clusters: A survey. Regional Studies, 49, 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.904505
Gill, J., & Butler, R. J. (2003). Managing instability in cross-cultural alliances. Long Range Planning, 36, 543–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2003.08.008
Giuliani, E. (2011). Role of technological gatekeepers in the growth of industrial clusters: Evidence from Chile. Regional Studies, 45, 1329–1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.619973
Giuliani, E. (2013). Network dynamics in regional clusters: Evidence from Chile. Research Policy, 42, 1406–1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.04.002
Giuliani, E., Balland, P.-A., & Matta, A. (2018). Straining but not thriving: Understanding network dynamics in underperforming industrial clusters. Journal of Economic Geography, 30, 147–172. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbx046
Giuliani, E., & Bell, M. (2005). The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: Evidence from a Chilean wine cluster. Research Policy, 34, 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.10.008
Glückler, J., Lazega, E., & Hammer, I. (2016). Knowledge and networks. New York NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Glückler, J. (2007). Economic geography and the evolution of networks Johannes. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(5), 619–634.
Glückler, J., & Doreian, P. (2016). Editorial: Social network analysis and economic geography—Positional, evolutionary and multilevel approaches. Journal of Economic Geography, 16, 1123–1134. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbw041
Grabher, G. (2004). Learning in projects, remembering in networks? European Urban and Regional Studies, 11, 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776404041417
Graf, H., & Broekel, T. (2020). A shot in the dark?: Policy influence on cluster networks. Research Policy, 49, 103920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.103920
Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1380.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481–510. https://doi.org/10.1086/228311
Greunz, L. (2003). Geographically and technologically mediated knowledge spillovers between European regions. The Annals of Regional Science, 37, 657–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-003-0131-3
Hassink, R., Gong, H., & Faller, F. (2016). Can we learn anything from economic geography proper? Yes, we can! Papers in evolutionary economic geography (PEEG) 1622. Utrecht University.
Hermans, F. (2020). The contribution of statistical network models to the study of clusters and their evolution. Papers in Regional Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12579
Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 10570–10575. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900943106
Hjertvikrem, N., & Fitjar, R. D. (2020). One or all channels for knowledge exchange in clusters?: Collaboration, monitoring and recruitment networks in the subsea industry in Rogaland, Norway. Industry & Innovation, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2020.1772043
Howells, J. (2012). The geography of knowledge: Never so close but never so far apart. Journal of Economic Geography, 12, 1003–1020. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs027
Iammarino, S., Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2017). Why regional development matters for Europe’s economic future. European Commission Directorate-General for regional and urban policy. Working Paper 07/2017.
Jackson, M. O. (2019). The human network: How your social position determines your power, beliefs, and behaviors. Pantheon Books.
Juhász, S., Broekel, T., & Boschma, R. (2020). Explaining the dynamics of relatedness: The role of co-location and complexity. Papers in Regional Science, 18, 1. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12567
Juhász, S., & Lengyel, B. (2018). Creation and persistence of ties in cluster knowledge networks. Journal of Economic Geography, 121, 1203–1226.
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1991). Anomalies: The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.1.193
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases / edited by Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, Amas Tversky. Cambridge University Press.
Karo, E., & Kattel, R. (2014). Economic development and evolving state capacities in Central and Eastern Europe: Can “smart specialization” make a difference? Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 18, 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2015.1009068
Kivela, M., Arenas, A., Barthelemy, M., Gleeson, J. P., Moreno, Y., & Porter, M. A. (2014). Multilayer networks. Journal of Complex. Networks, 2, 203–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnu016
Kogut, B. (2000). The network as knowledge: Generative rules and the emergence of structure. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 405–425. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200003)21:3%3c405:AID-SMJ103%3e3.0.CO;2-5
Lazega, E., Mounier, L., Snijders, T., & Tubaro, P. (2012). Norms, status and the dynamics of advice networks: A case study. Social Networks, 34, 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2009.12.001
Lazzeretti, L., & Capone, F. (2016). How proximity matters in innovation networks dynamics along the cluster evolution. A study of the high technology applied to cultural goods. Journal of Business Research, 69, 5855–5865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.068
Lazzeretti, L., Capone, F., Caloffi, A., & Sedita, S. R. (2019). Rethinking clusters. Towards a new research agenda for cluster research. European Planning Studies, 27(10), 1879–1903.
Leydesdorff, L. (2012). The triple helix, quadruple helix,…, and an N-tuple of helices: Explanatory models for analyzing the knowledge-based economy? Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 3, 25–35.
Liang, H. (2013). Coevolution of political discussion and common ground in web discussion forum. Social Science Computer Review, 32, 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313506844
Lorentzen, A. (2007). The geography of knowledge sourcing—A case study of Polish manufacturing enterprises. European Planning Studies, 15, 467–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310601133252
Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Maghssudipour, A., Balland, P. A., & Giuliani, E. (2021). Cast apart by the elites: How status influences assortative matching in industrial clusters. Industry and Innovation, 28(7), 836–859.
Maghssudipour, A., Lazzeretti, L., & Capone, F. (2020). The role of multiple ties in knowledge networks: Complementarity in the Montefalco wine cluster. Industrial Marketing Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.03.021
Malerba, F., & Adams, P. (2013). Sectoral systems of innovation. In M. Dodgson, D. M. Gann, & N. Phillips (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of innovation management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Malerba, F. (2002). Sectoral systems of innovation and production. Research Policy, 31, 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00139-1
Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2002). The elusive concept of localization economies: Towards a knowledge-based theory of spatial clustering. Environment and Planning a: Economy and Space, 34, 429–449. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3457
Manger, M. S., Pickup, M. A., & Snijders, T. A. B. (2012). A hierarchy of preferences. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56, 853–878. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002712438351
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of economics. MacMillan.
Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2011). Conceptualizing cluster evolution: Beyond the life cycle model? Regional Studies, 45, 1299–1318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.622263
Menzel, M.-P., Feldman, M. P., & Broekel, T. (2017). Institutional change and network evolution: Explorative and exploitative tie formations of co-inventors during the dot-com bubble in the Research Triangle region. Regional Studies, 51, 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1278300
Menzel, M.-P., & Fornahl, D. (2010). Cluster life cycles-dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution. Industrial and Corporate Change, 19, 205–238. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtp036
Molina-Morales, F. X., Capó-Vicedo, J., Teresa Martínez-Fernández, M., & Expósito-Langa, M. (2013). Social capital in industrial districts: Influence of the strength of ties and density of the network on the sense of belonging to the district. Papers in Regional Science, 92, 773–789. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2012.00463.x
Molina-Morales, F. X., & Martínez-Fernández, M. T. (2009). Does homogeneity exist within industrial districts?: A social capital-based approach*. Papers in Regional Science, 88, 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2008.00177.x
Molina-Morales, X., Belso-Martínez, J. A., Más-Verdú, F., & Martínez-Cháfer, L. (2015). Formation and dissolution of inter-firm linkages in lengthy and stable networks in clusters. Journal of Business Research, 68, 1557–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.051
Morgan, K. (2004). The exaggerated death of geography: Learning, proximity and territorial innovation systems. Journal of Economic Geography, 4, 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/4.1.3
Nagel, R. (1995). Unraveling in guessing games: An experimental study. American Economic Review, 85(5), 1313–1326.
Nathan, M., & Rosso, A. (2015). Mapping digital businesses with big data: Some early findings from the UK. Research Policy, 44, 1714–1733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.008
Nicotra, M., Romano, M., & Del Giudice, M. (2013). The evolution dynamic of a cluster knowledge network: The role of firms’ absorptive capacity. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 45, 425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-013-0147-6
Nooteboom, B. (1999). Innovation, learning and industrial organisation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23, 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/23.2.127
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.
OECD. (2017). Hungary policy brief. OECD Publishing.
Pavitt, K. (1984). Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory. Research Policy, 13, 343–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(84)90018-0
Plum, O., & Hassink, R. (2011). Comparing knowledge networking in different knowledge bases in Germany*. Papers in Regional Science, 90, 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00362.x
Podolny, J. M. (2001). Networks as the pipes and prisms of the market. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 33–60. https://doi.org/10.1086/323038
Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and competition: New agendas for companies, governments, and institutions. In M. E. Porter (Ed.), On competition (pp. 197–299). Harvard Business School Press.
Powell, W. W., White, D. R., Koput, K. W., & Owen-Smith, J. (2005). Network dynamics and field evolution: The growth of interorganizational collaboration in the life sciences. American Journal of Sociology, 110(4), 1132–1205.
Pyke, F., Becattini, G., & Sengenberger, W. (Eds.). (1990). Industrial districts and inter-firm co-operation in Italy. International Institute for Labour Studies.
Rallet, A., & Torre, A. (1999). ). Is geographical proximity necessary in the innovation networks in the era of global economy? GeoJournal, 49, 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007140329027
Rhue, L., & Sundararajan, A. (2014). Digital access, political networks and the diffusion of democracy. Social Networks, 36, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2012.06.007
Rodriguez-Pose, A., & Di Cataldo, M. (2015). Quality of government and innovative performance in the regions of Europe. Journal of Economic Geography, 15, 673–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu023
Rutten, R. (2017). Beyond proximities: The socio-spatial dynamics of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography, 41, 159–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516629003
Sedita, S. R., Hoffmann, V. E., Guarnieri, P., & Toso Carraro, E. (2021). Prosecco has another story to tell: the coexistence of multiple knowledge networks in the same value chain. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 33(4), 502–522.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1911). Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (Theory of economic development). Duncker und Humblot.
Scott, A. J. (2006). Creative cities: Conceptual issues and policy questions. Journal of Urban Affairs, 28, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2006.00256.x
Simensen, E. O., & Abbasiharofteh, M. (2022). Sectoral patterns of collaborative tie formation: Investigating geographic, cognitive, and technological dimensions. Industrial and Corporate Change, 31, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtac021
Singh, J. (2005). Collaborative networks as determinants of knowledge diffusion patterns. Management Science, 51, 756–770. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1040.0349
Smith, E. B., Menon, T., & Thompson, L. (2012). Status differences in the cognitive activation of social networks. Organization Science, 23, 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0643
Suire, R., & Vicente, J. (2009). Why do some places succeed when others decline?: A social interaction model of cluster viability. Journal of Economic Geography, 9, 381–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbn053
Ter Wal, A., & Boschma, R. (2011). Co-evolution of firms, industries and networks in space. Regional Studies, 45, 919–933. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400802662658
Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness / Richard H. Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein. New York: Penguin Books.
Thaler, R. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 1, 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(80)90051-7
Tilly, C. (1999). Durable inequality. Univ. of California Press.
Tomaskovic-Devey, D., & Avent-Holt, D. (2019). Relational inequalities: Oxford University Press.
Totterdell, P., Holman, D., & Hukin, A. (2008). Social networkers: Measuring and examining individual differences in propensity to connect with others. Social Networks, 30, 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2008.04.003
Trippl, M., Grillitsch, M., Isaksen, A., & Sinozic, T. (2014). Perspectives on cluster evolution: Critical review and future research issues. European Planning Studies, 23, 2028–2044. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.999450
Trippl, M., Tödtling, F., & Lengauer, L. (2009). Knowledge sourcing beyond buzz and pipelines: Evidence from the Vienna software sector. Economic Geography, 85, 443–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01047.x
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683
Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 35–67.
van der Wouden, F., & Rigby, D. L. (2019). Co-inventor networks and knowledge production in specialized and diversified cities. Papers in Regional Science, 98, 1833–1853. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12432
Vicente, J. (2017). Network failures and policy challenges along the life cycle of cluster. In D. Fornahl & R. Hassink (Eds.), The life cycle of clusters: A policy perspective (pp. 56–75). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Wanzenböck, I., & Frenken, K. (2020). The subsidiarity principle in innovation policy for societal challenges. Global Transitions, 2, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2020.02.002
Yeung, H.W.-C. (2005). Rethinking relational economic geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 30, 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00150.x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Abbasiharofteh, M., Maghssudipour, A. Driving Forces Behind Relational Knowledge Sourcing in Clusters: Single- and Multilevel Approaches. J Knowl Econ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01714-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01714-x