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Propensity for and Quality of Intellectual Capital Divulgence Across the BRICS Banking Sector: A Knowledge-Based Perspective from Emerging Economies

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Abstract

The study seeks to identify patterns of the propensity for (frequency) and quality of (mean score) intellectual capital (IC) divulgence components (internal capital, external capital and human capital) of banks from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (“BRICS”). The research typology constructs a 5-year (2015–2019) IC disclosure index utilizing the content analysis of the annual reports and Web sites of the ten largest BRICS banks. The study selected banks according to their asset portfolios. It applies content analysis for the codification of qualitative information into quantitative patterns and principles. The findings reveal that the IC disclosure practices of BRICS banks fall into modest to satisfactory positions in all three selected categories of IC classifications. Also, the propensity for and quality of IC disclosure alters due to the non-occurrence of IC frameworks and reporting mechanisms in BRICS banks. Disparity emerges between voluntary IC disclosure and the nominal role of institutional forces in banks. Although BRICS banks had better commitments to revealing valuable information about intangibles, IC managers developed the appropriate mechanisms to capture and report the hidden values of intangibles while demonstrating “licensing agreements,” “entrepreneurial abilities,” “financial relations,” and “job-associated knowledge.” Cross-sectional data in prior studies on IC disclosure are country- and firm-specific. Thus, this is among rare studies on longitudinal analysis that investigates the propensity for and quality of IC disclosure practices in the banking sector. It also incorporates a quality index of IC disclosure requiring underpinnings of institutional and resource-based views. In conclusion, institutional and resource-based factors influence the IC disclosure practices of BRICS banks. This is significant for the users of annual reports and Web sites who want to pursue IC-related information.

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Fig. 1

Source: adapted from Schneider and Samkin (2008), p. 472

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Notes

  1. Scale (5): if the disclosure item is explicitly defined in a quantitative or monetary form with narrative statements; Scale (4): if the disclosure item is explicitly defined in quantitative or monetary form only; Scale (3): if the disclosure item is explicitly stated in narrative statements; Scale (2): if the disclosure item is stated with limited reference and information related to the concerned items is incomprehensible; Scale (1): if the disclosure item is irrelevant to the financial performance of firms; and Scale (0): if the disclosure item is not being revealed in annual reports.

  2. Financial statements (including the notes to financial statements) and auditor reports are not part of the coding process because financial statements mostly reveal information about financial and tangible assets.

    Pictures, diagrams and graphs are not considered for codification.

    To avoid complexities during the codification process, the study considers one row as one sentence.

    Codes are only allocated to explicit concepts rather than implied.

    Codes are assigned as per the meaning of the sentences instead of exploring the exact words.

    During the codification process, if an item is revealed more than once, then the quality score is assigned on the basis of the total scores obtained.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Guranwala, Pakistan

    Wasim ul Rehman

  2. The School of Social and Human Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Konya, Turkey

    Suleyman Degirmen

  3. Institute of Business Administration, University of the Punjab Quaid-E-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Fareeha Waseem

Authors
  1. Wasim ul Rehman
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  2. Suleyman Degirmen
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  3. Fareeha Waseem
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Correspondence to Wasim ul Rehman.

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Appendix

Appendix

Category-Wise Banks’ Analysis

 

Brazil

Russia

India

China

South Africa

Category

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

*Quality

0.84

0.76

0.88

0.71

0.66

0.71

0.77

0.63

0.85

0.78

0.74

0.75

0.56

0.44

0.65

Frequency

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.30

0.46

0.24

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.31

0.44

0.25

 

2.48

2.08

2.25

2.27

1.65

 

Brazil

Russia

India

China

South Africa

Category

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Quality

0.67

0.76

0.88

0.68

0.64

0.64

0.70

0.66

0.88

0.75

0.67

0.67

0.52

0.36

0.58

Frequency

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.30

0.46

0.24

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.31

0.44

0.25

 

2.31

1.96

2.24

2.09

1.46

 

Brazil

Russia

India

China

South Africa

Category

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Quality

0.63

0.72

0.85

0.61

0.61

0.608

0.70

0.64

0.84

0.72

0.64

0.61

0.48

0.33

0.51

Frequency

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.30

0.46

0.24

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.31

0.44

0.25

 

2.2

1.82

2.18

1.97

1.32

 

Brazil

Russia

India

China

South Africa

Category

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Quality

0.59

0.68

0.85

0.57

0.56

0.562

0.65

0.58

0.73

0.71

0.63

0.61

0.48

0.33

0.51

Frequency

0.29

0.4

0.21

0.3

0.44

0.24

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.29

0.44

0.25

0.31

0.42

0.25

 

2.12

1.6

1.96

1.95

1.32

 

Brazil

Russia

India

China

South Africa

Category

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Internal

External

Human

Quality

0.59

0.68

0.85

0.56

0.56

0.556

0.52

0.51

0.64

0.65

0.56

0.49

0.46

0.34

0.52

Frequency

0.29

0.4

0.21

0.3

0.44

0.24

0.31

0.44

0.25

0.29

0.44

0.25

0.31

0.42

0.25

 

2.12

1.6

1.67

1.7

1.32

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Rehman, W.u., Degirmen, S. & Waseem, F. Propensity for and Quality of Intellectual Capital Divulgence Across the BRICS Banking Sector: A Knowledge-Based Perspective from Emerging Economies. J Knowl Econ 13, 1028–1055 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00730-z

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