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Finding a home for the ram’s horn squid: phylogenomic analyses support Spirula spirula (Cephalopoda: Decapodiformes) as a close relative of Oegopsida

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Abstract

The molluscan clade Decapodiformes (Cephalopoda) comprises a diverse and enigmatic assemblage including inshore and offshore squids, bobtails, cuttlefishes, and the ram’s horn squid (Spirulida: Spirula spirula). The latter species is of particular interest to paleontologists because it is the only living cephalopod with an internal chambered, spiral-shaped, calcareous shell resembling those seen in some fossil cephalopod taxa. Spirulida has been difficult to place phylogenetically, in part because it shares different features with sepiolids, sepiids, and oegopsids, creating conflict in morphological analyses. Unlike morphological assumptions of a close relationship with sepiids, previous molecular studies have found support for Spirulida as a close relative of Bathyteuthida and Oegopsida. Identifying the correct phylogenetic placement of Spirulida could allow alternative hypotheses of phragmocone evolution, e.g., retention of an ancestral phragmocone in Spirulida and Sepiida vs. independent reacquisition of the phragmocone in these taxa, to be evaluated. In the present study, we combined new, high-quality transcriptome data for a specimen of Spirula spirula with additional new and previously published transcriptome data for decapodiform cephalopods. Phylogenetic analyses of several matrices yielded trees in which Spirula spirula was recovered as the sister group of the oceanic open-eyed squids (Oegopsida). This close relationship of Spirula to oceanic squids, rather than to nearshore, demersal/benthic decapodiform lineages, provides further support for an “onshore to offshore” model of decapodiform evolution.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and analyzed in this study, custom scripts used in the phylogenomics pipeline, and all trees are available in the Mendeley Data repository (http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/sk9jvz98vw.2).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Heather Judkins for assistance with voucher specimens; Alistair Tanner, Rute da Fonseca, and Jan Strugnell for sharing data and transcriptome assemblies with us; and the Integrated Genomics Laboratory at Oregon Health and Sciences University, the National Center for Genome Analysis Support at Indiana University, the SIU Research Computing and Cyberinfrastructure team, and BigDawg High Performance Computing Cluster for assistance with our own assemblies.

Funding

This research is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ABI-1759906 to Indiana University and DEB-103651 to Frank E. Anderson. Additional support was provided to Annie R Lindgren by a Portland State University Faculty Enhancement Grant and an Oregon State Oceangoing Research Vessel grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Department of Biology, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave, SRTC Rm 246, Portland, OR, 97201, USA

    Annie R. Lindgren

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA

    Abigail Pratt & Frank E. Anderson

  3. NMFS National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA

    Michael Vecchione

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Contributions

Conceptualization: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren; data curation: Frank E. Anderson; formal analysis: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren, Abigail M. Pratt; funding acquisition: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren; investigation: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren, Michael Vecchione; methodology: Frank E. Anderson; project administration: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren; resources: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren; software: Frank E. Anderson; supervision: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren; writing — original draft: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren, Abigail M. Pratt, Michael Vecchione; writing — review and editing: Frank E. Anderson, Annie R. Lindgren, Abigail M. Pratt, Michael Vecchione.

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Correspondence to Annie R. Lindgren or Frank E. Anderson.

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Lindgren, A.R., Pratt, A., Vecchione, M. et al. Finding a home for the ram’s horn squid: phylogenomic analyses support Spirula spirula (Cephalopoda: Decapodiformes) as a close relative of Oegopsida. Org Divers Evol 23, 91–101 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00583-7

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