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Gender-associated differences in oral microbiota and salivary biochemical parameters in response to feeding

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Abstract

Saliva plays a key role in food absorption and digestion mainly due to both its enzymes and microbiota. The main objective of this study was to compare the oral microbiota and salivary parameters between men and women in response to feeding. To answer this question, we set up a pilot study on 10 male and 10 female subjects to examine the role of saliva in glycaemia physiology. Biological parameters and the microbiotal composition of saliva were analyzed in fasted and fed states. The results show that the level of blood glucose was not different between men and women in the fasted state (88.00 mg/dL ± 6.38 vs 87.00 mg/dL ±8.07, p = 0.9149) or in the fed state (102.44 mg/dL ± 14.03 vs 116.9 mg/dL ± 25, p = 0.1362). Free fatty acids (FFA 0.15 mmol/L ± 0.15 vs 0.07 mmol/L ± 0.07, p = 0,0078), cholesterol (0.53 mmol/L ± 0.30 vs 0.15 mmol/L ± 0.14, p < 0.0001), and total saliva proteins (13.2 g/L ± 4.31 vs 9.02 g/L ± 6.98, p = 0.0168) were decreased after feeding, as well as the saliva lipase (27.89 U/L ± 25.7 vs 12.28 U/L ± 4.85, p = 0.0126). A very significant increase in the relative abundance of Streptococcaceae (24.56 ± 9.32 vs 13.53 ± 7.47, p = 0.00055) and a decrease in Prevotellaceae (34.45 ± 9.30 vs 17.43 ± 9.03, p = 0.00055) were observed in the fed condition. When investigating gender-related differences in the fasted state, men showed higher levels of cholesterol (0.71 mmol/L ± 0.26 vs 0.40 mmol/L ± 0.27, p = 0.0329), FFA (0.25 mmol/L ± 0.18 vs 0.08 mmol/L ± 0.06, p = 0.0049), and triglycerides (0.24 mmol/L ± 0.15 vs 0.09 mmol/L ± 0.04, p = 0.006) than women. Finally, differences could be observed in saliva microbiota between men and women in the fasted condition but even more in the fed condition, where Porphyromonas and Capnocytophaga were overrepresented in the male salivary samples compared with female saliva. Thus, biological parameters and microbiota in saliva could be the signatures of the feeding conditions and sex gender status.

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Acknowledgements

We would also like to show our gratitude to the technical staff of Vaiomer for sequencing and taxonomic analysis for oral microbiota and Anexplo platform for biochemistry analysis of saliva and blood.

We thank Dr. Adrian Minty for his comments for editing the English.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM U1048, F-31432, Toulouse, France

    M. Minty, P. Loubières, V. Azalbert, R. Burcelin, F. Tercé & V. Blasco-Baque

  2. Université Paul Sabatier III (UPS), F-31432, Toulouse, France

    M. Minty, P. Loubières, V. Azalbert, R. Burcelin, F. Tercé & V. Blasco-Baque

  3. Service d’Odontologie Toulouse, CHU Toulouse, F-3100, Toulouse, France

    M. Minty, P. Loubières, T. Canceill & V. Blasco-Baque

  4. CIRIMAT, CNRS, INPT, Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 Chemin des Maraichers, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    T. Canceill

  5. INSERM UMR1048-I2MC Team 2 “Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, and Dyslipidemia”, Hospital of Rangueil, Building L4, 1st floor, 1, Avenue Jean Poulhès BP84225, 31432, Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    V. Blasco-Baque

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Key points

1. Feeding modified the salivary biological parameters of saliva.

2. The oral microbiota was also modified after feeding.

3. The sex gender was associated with a particular “signature” of oral microbiota in fed and fasted conditions.

4. Saliva showed differences in both microbiota composition and biological parameters between males and females.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

Linear correlation between the glycaemic fold change and oral microbiota. Linear correlation tests were performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software. San Diego. CA) for finding statistical relationships between the glycaemic fold change (the ratio fed glycaemia/ fasted glycaemia): (A) and the Bacteroidetes fold change, (B) and the Firmicutes fold change, (C) and the Prevotellacae fold change, (D) and the Streptococcaceae fold change, (E) and the Oribacterium fold change.) (JPG 3375 kb)

ESM 2

Linear correlation between the glycaemic fold change and lipase fold change. Linear correlation tests were performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software. San Diego. CA) for finding statistical relationships between the glycaemic fold change (the ratio fed glycaemia/ fasted glycaemia) and lipase fold change. (JPG 707 kb)

ESM 3

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Minty, M., Loubières, P., Canceill, T. et al. Gender-associated differences in oral microbiota and salivary biochemical parameters in response to feeding. J Physiol Biochem 77, 155–166 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-020-00757-x

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