Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Application of artificial neural network and multi-linear regression techniques in groundwater quality and health risk assessment around Egbema, Southeastern Nigeria

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examined the efficiency of artificial neural network (ANN) and multivariate linear regression (MLR) models in the prediction of groundwater quality parameters such as ecological risk index (ERI), pollution load index (PLI), metal pollution index (MPI), Nemerow pollution index (NPI), and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). 40 groundwater samples were collected systematically and analyzed for mainly heavy metals. Results revealed that adopting measured parameters is effective in modeling the parameters with high level of accuracy. Contamination factor results reveal that Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu have relatively low values < 1 within the region while the Iron values ranged from low contamination to very high contamination (> 6). PLI, MPI, and ERI results indicated low pollution. NPI results indicated that the majority of the samples were heavily polluted. Quantification of Contamination results revealed that most of the sample's quality was geogenically influenced. Igeo results revealed that most of the samples had extreme pollution. The health risk assessment results revealed that children are substantially prone to more health risk more than adults. The ANN and MLR models showed a high effective tendency in the prediction of ERI, PLI, MPI, NPI and Igeo. Principal component analysis results showed appreciable variable loadings while the correlation matrix results reveal that there exists weak and positive correlation amongst elements. Based on the outcome of this study, this research recommends the use of ANN and MLR models in the prediction of groundwater quality parameters as they yielded positive, reliable, acceptable, and appropriate accuracy performances.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Agidi BM, Akakuru OC, Aigbadon GOS, K.,· Isreal H, Ofoh I, Njoku J, Esomonu I, (2022) Water quality index, hydrogeochemicalfacies and pollution index of groundwater around Middle Benue Trough. Int J Energy Water Res, Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00187-z

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Aigbadon GO, Christopher SD, Akudo EO, Akakuru OC (2022a) Sedimentary facies and textural characteristics of Cretaceous sandstones of southern Bida Basin, Nigeria: Implication for reservoir potential and depositional environment. Energy Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engeos.2022.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aigbadon GO, Ocheli A, Akakuru OC et al (2022b) Paleoenvironments and hydrocarbon reservoir potentials from the selected sedimentary basins in Nigeria using sedimentary facies and textural analyses. J Sediment Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-022-00101-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akakuru OC, Akudinobi BEB (2018) Qualitative Characterization ofGroundwater Sources around Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation OilDepot Aba, using Multiple Linear Regressions Modelling. Int J Adv Geosci 6(1):57–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akakuru O, Akudinobi B, Okoroafor P, Maduka E (2017) Application of geographic information system in the hydrochemical evaluation ofgroundwater in parts of Eastern Niger Delta Nigeria. Am J Environ Policy Manag 3(6):39–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Akakuru OC, Akudinobi B, Opara AI, Onyekuru SO, Akakuru OU (2021a) Hydrogeochemicalfacies and pollution status of groundwater resources of Owerri and environs. Southeastern Nigeria Environ Monit Assess 193:623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09364-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akakuru, O.C., Akudinobi, B.E., Nwankwoala, H.O., Akakuru, O.U. &Onyekuru, S.O (2021b). Compendious evaluation of groundwater in parts of Asaba, Nigeria for agricultural sustainability. Geosciences Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-021-0010-x

  • Akakuru OC, Eze CU, Okeke OC, Opara AI, Usman AO, Iheme OK, Ibeneme SI, Iwuoha PO (2022) Hydrogeochemical evolution, water quality indices, irrigation suitability and pollution index of groundwater (PIG) around Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Int J Energy Water Resour. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00162-0

  • Aniwetalu EU, Akakuru O (2015) Granomeric Analysis of Mamu Formation and Enugu Shale around Ozalla and Its Environs Evidence from Field Study. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics 3(2):19–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Barzegar, R. Moghaddam, A.A., Soltani, S., Baomid, N., Tziritis, E., Adamowski, J., Inam, A. (2019). Environmental Earth Science, 78 (8):254 (2019). https://https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8250-z

  • Bhutian R, Dipali Bhaskar,  Kulkarni DR (2017) Khanna, AshutoshGautam (2017) Geochemical distribution and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of an industrial area and its surroundings, Haridwar. India Energy Ecol Environ 2(2):155–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0019-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caeiro S, Costa MH, Ramos TB, Fernandes F, Silveira N, Coimbra A, Painho M (2005) Assessing heavy metal contamination in Sado Estuary sediment: an index analysis approach. Ecol Indic 5(2):151–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EgbueriJohnbosco C. (2019). Evaluation and characterization of the groundwater quality and hydrogeochemistry of Ogbaru farming district in southeastern Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences, 1:851 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0853-1

  • Eyankware MO, Obasi PN, Omo-Irabor OO, Akakuru OC (2020) Hydrochemical characterization of abandoned quarry and mine water for domestic and irrigation uses in Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria. Model Earth Syst Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00827-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Ulakpa ROE, Eyankware OE (2021) Sustainable management and characterization of groundwater resource in coastal aquifer of Niger delta basin Nigeria. Sustain Water Resour Manage 7:58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00537-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyankware, M.O., Akakuru, O.C. (2022) Appraisal of groundwater to risk contamination near an abandoned limestone quarry pit in Nkalagu, Nigeria, using enrichment factor and statistical approaches. Int J Energy Water Res.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00186-0

  • Eyankware M.O, Akakuru O.C, Ulakpa, R.O. E and Eyankware E.O (2022a) Hydrogeochemical approach in the assessment of coastal aquifer for domestic, industrial, and agricultural utilities in Port Harcourt urban, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources. https: doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00184-2

  • Eyankware, M.O, Eyankware, R.O, Akakuru, O.C (2022b). Hydrogeophysical delineation of aquifer vulnerability in parts of Nkalagu and OhofiaAgba areas of Abakaliki, SE. Nigeria. Sustainable Water Resources Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00603-6.

  • Eyankware,M.O, Akakuru, O.C, Eyankware E.O (2022c). Interpretation of hydrochemical data using various geochemical models: a case study of Enyigba mining district of Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, SE Nigeria. Sustainable Water Resources Management. https://https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00613-4

  • Ezeigbo HI (1987) Quality of Water Resources in Anambra State. Nigeria Jour Min Geol 23:97–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezeigbo HI (2016) Geochemicalapproach to human health risk assessment of inhaled trace elements in the vicinity of industrial Enterprises in Tomsk, Russia. Hum Ecol. Risk Assess, An Interna J 21(6):1664–1685

  • Ghorbani M, Aalami M, Naghipour L (2017) Use of artificial neural networks for electrical conductivity modelling in Asi River. Appl Water Sci 7:1761–1772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong Q, Deng J, Xiang Y, Wang Q, Yang L (2008) Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological geochemistry assessment and a case study in parks of Beijing. Journal of China University Geoscience 19:230–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath, S, K. Srinivasamoorthy, K. Saravanan, R. Prakash & D. Karunanidhi (2019): Characterizing groundwater quality and seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers of Nagapattinam and Karaikal, South India using hydrogeochemistry and modelling techniques, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 1–22.

  • Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A Sedimentological Approach Water Res 14:975–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Haris H, Aris AZ, Mokhtar MB, Looi LJ (2020) The accumulation of metals and methylmercury in Nerita lineata and the relation to intertidal surface sediment concentrations. Chemosphere, 245:125590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasda R, Rahaman MF, Jahan CS, Molla KI, Mazumder QH (2020) Climatic data analysis for groundwater level simulation in drought-prone Barind Tract, Bangladesh: Modelling approach using artificial neural network. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He X, Wu J, and He S. (2019). Hydrochemical characteristics and quality evaluation of groundwater in terms of health risks in Luohe aquifer in Wuqi County of the Chinese Loess Plateau, northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 1 doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1531693.

  • Horton RK (1965) An index number system for rating water quality. J Water Pollut Control Fed 37:300–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal J, Shah HM (2014) Occurrence, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in surface sediments from Khanpur Lake. Pakistan, J Anal SciTechn 5:28–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Al-Mamun MH, Masunaga S (2015) Potential ecological risk of hazardous elements in different land-use urban soils of Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 512–513:94–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari AK, Raffaella G, Marina De M, Muriel L (2017) Evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes and groundwater quality for suitability of drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study in the Aosta Valley region, Italy. Arab J Geosci 10:264

  • Li P, Lin C, Cheng H, Duan X, Lei K (2015) Contamination and health risks of soil heavy metals around a lead/zinc smelter in southwestern China. Ecotoxicol Environ SafEty 113:391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattas, C.; Anagnostopoulou, C.; Venetsanou, P.; Bilas, G.; Lazoglou, G. (2019). Evaluation of Extreme Dry and Wet Conditions Using Climate and Hydrological Indices in the Upper Part of the Gallikos River Basin. Proceedings

  • MgbenuChukwuma N, Egbueri JC (2019) The hydrogeochemical signatures, quality indices, and health risk assessment of water resources in Umunya district, southeast Nigeria. Appl Water Sci 9:22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0900-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musa YS, Fatima A, Nafiu A (2021) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soils of selected villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria. SN Applied Sciences (2021) 3:168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04175-6

  • Nathan NS, Saravanane R, Sundararajan T (2017) Application of ANN and MLR Models on Groundwater Quality Using CWQI at Lawspet, Puducherry in India. J Geosci Environ Prot 5:99–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Obasi PN, Ani CC, Akakuru OC, Akpa C (2020) Determination of Aquifer Depth Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Ihechiowa Area. Arochukwu Southeast Nigeria EBSU Science Journal 1(1):111–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogundele LT, Owoade OK, Hopke PK, Olise FS (2017) Heavy metals in industrially emitted particulate matter in Ile-Ife. Nigeria, Environ Res 156:320–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogunkunle CO, Mustapha K, Oyedeji S, Fatoba PO (2015) Assessment of metallic pollution status of surface

  • Oli IC, Opara AI, Okeke OC, Akaolisa CZ, Akakuru OC, Osi-Okeke I, Udeh HM (2022) Evaluation of aquifer hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of Ezza/Ikwo area, Southeastern Nigeria, using pumping test and surficial resistivity techniques. Environ Monit Assess 194:719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10341-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olujimi OO, Bamgbose O, Arowolo T, Steiner O, Goessler W (2014) Elemental profiles of herbal plants commonly used for cancer therapy in Ogun State, Nigeria. Part I. Microchem J 117:233–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onyekuru SO, Iwuagwu JC, Ulasi A, Ibeneme IS, Ukaonu C, Okoli EA, Akakuru OC (2021) Calibration of petrophysical evaluation results of clastic reservoirs using core data, in the offshore depobelt, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Model Earth Syst Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-021-01285-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opara AI, Akaolisa CCZ, Akakuru OC, Nkwoada AU, Ibe FC, Verla AW, Chukwuemeka IC (2021) Particulate matter exposure and non-cancerous inhalation health risk assessment of major dumpsites of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Environmental Analysis Health Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2021025

  • Osipova T, Wei J, Pećanac G, Malzbender J (2016) Room and elevated temperature shear strength of sealants for solid oxide fuel cells. Ceram Int 42(11):12932–12936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qing X, Yutong Z, Shenggao L (2015) Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city (Anshan), Liaoning, Northeast China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 120:377–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qingjie G, Jun D, Yunchuan X, Qingfei W, Liqiang Y (2008) Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological Geochemistry assessment: A case study in parks of Beijing. J China University Geosci 19(3):230–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riyad A, Abdul Hammed MJA, Fatima HAA (2015) Pollution loads and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the urban soil affected by various anthropogenic activities. Int J Adv Res 3(2):104–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakram G, NarsimhaAdimalla (2018) Hydrogeochemical characterization and assessment of water suitability for drinking and irrigation in crystalline rocks of Mothkur region, Telangana State. South India Applied Water Science 8:143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar N, Imran M, Shaheen MR, Ishaque W, Kamran MA, Matloob A et al (2017) Phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals: modifications and future perspectives. Chemosphere 171:710–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sehgal M, Garg A, Suresh R, Dagar P (2012) Heavy metal contamination in the Delhi segment of the Yamuna basin. Environmental Monitoring Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2031-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VK, Singh KP, Mohan D (2005) Status of heavy metals in water and bed sediments of River Gomti—a tributary of the Ganga River, India. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 105:43–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singha S, Pasupuleti S, Singha SS, Singh R, Kumar S (2021) Prediction of groundwater quality using efficient machine learning technique. Chemosphere 276:130265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singovszka E, Balintova M, Demcak S, Pavlikova P (2017) Metal Pollution Indices of Bottom Sediment and Surface Water Affected by Acid Mine Drainage. Metals 7:284. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7080284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava N, Hinton G, Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Salakhutdinov R (2014) Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J Mach Learn Res 15(1):1929–1958

  • Suresh G, Sutharsan P, Ramasamy V, Venkatachalapath R (2012) Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of veeranam lake sediments India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 84:117–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl 101:133–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd DK, Ways LW (2004) Groundwater hydrology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tziritis EP, Datta PS, Barzegar R (2017) Characterization and assessment of groundwater resources in a complex hydrological basin of central Greece (Kopaida basin) with the joint use of hydrogeochemical analysis, multivariate statistics and stable isotopes. Aquat Geochem 23(4):271–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urom OO, Opara AI, Usen OS et al (2021) Electro-geohydraulic estimation of shallow aquifers of Owerri and environs, Southeastern Nigeria using multiple empirical resistivity equations. Int J Energy Water Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00122-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2017) National Recommended Water Quality Criteria—Aquatic Life Criteria Table and Human Health Criteria Table. https:// www.epa.gov.wqc/national-recommended-water-quality criteria-aquatic-life-criteria-table. Accessed October 25, 2020.

  • Water and Aquatic Macrophytes of Earthen Damsin Ilorin, north-central of Nigeria as indicatorsof environmental health. Journal of King Saud University –Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.11.005

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edn. NLM classification: WA 675, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp 307–433

  • Yahaya SM, Abubakar F, Abdu N (2021) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soils of selected villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria. SN Appl Sci 3:168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04175-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang T, Chen J, Li X, Wu T, Hu Z, Wang S (2019) Ecological risk by heavy metal contents in sediments within the Wei River Basin China. Environ Earth Sci 78:101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8080-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu S, Hrnjica B, Ptak M, Choi ́nski A, Sivakumar B (2020) Forecasting of water level in multiple temperate lakes using machine learning models. J Hydrol 585:124819

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

    Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru, Chidi Bello Adakwa, Diugo Okereke Ikoro & Alexander Iheanyi Opara

  2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Dennis Osadabe University, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

    Moses Oghenenyoreme Eyankware

  3. Department of Geological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

    Adora Olivia Njoku

  4. Department of Geology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Kenneth Obinna Iheme

  5. Department of Physics, Geology and Geophysics, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

    Ayatu Usman

Authors
  1. Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chidi Bello Adakwa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diugo Okereke Ikoro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Moses Oghenenyoreme Eyankware
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alexander Iheanyi Opara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Adora Olivia Njoku
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Kenneth Obinna Iheme
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ayatu Usman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

A.B.C.D and E. wrote the main manuscript text and E.F, G and H. prepared the figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Obinna Chigoziem Akakuru.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Compliance with ethical standards

This research work is carried out in compliance with transparency, moral values, honesty, and hard work. No human participation or animals are involved in this research work.

Ethical approval

As per the literature review, this is neither a repetition of any work nor copied key data from other’s work. The methodology, findings, and conclusions made here belong to original research work as per our knowledge and belief.

Informed consent

Every step of processing for publication informed to all co-authors of this paper at the earliest, and everything is carried out with collective decision and consent.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Akakuru, O.C., Adakwa, C., Ikoro, D.O. et al. Application of artificial neural network and multi-linear regression techniques in groundwater quality and health risk assessment around Egbema, Southeastern Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci 82, 77 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10753-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10753-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation