Abstract
Mountainous regions are prone to multiple hazards, which often result in loss of life and damage to property. Despite being prone to multiple hazards, the Himalayan Region has a scarcity of multi-faceted hazard studies. In this backdrop, present study aims to develop a multi-hazard susceptibility map for the Kargil-Ladakh Region of Trans-Himalayas using a standard three-step procedure which includes (i) hazard identification and inventorying; (ii) selection of conditioning factors; (iii) generation of individual and multi-hazard susceptibility maps. The identification and profiling of three major hazards namely, flash floods, landslides and snow avalanches, were followed by inventorying of individual hazards. Geo-spatial tools and frequency ratio (FR) method were used to generate individual and multi-hazard susceptibility maps by selecting a set of conditioning factors and combining them with the hazard inventories. The results reveal that in single-hazard scenario, landslide susceptibility is highest at 44%, while as combined susceptibility for landslide and snow avalanche in double-hazard scenario was found to be 58%. In triple-hazard scenario involving landslide, snow avalanche and flash flood, combined susceptibility was around 39% for the region. The validation of results using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) depicts an area under curve (AUC) values of 83%, 81% and 71% for snow avalanches, landslides, and flash floods, respectively, which lies within acceptable limits. The findings also indicate that agriculture, built-up and infrastructure developments are expanding within the high hazard-susceptible zones, emphasizing a need for implementation of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies in this multi-hazard prone Trans-Himalayan Kargil region.
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Acknowledgements
The first author is thankful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi, Govt. of India, for the fellowship grant which enabled to carry out the study in remote Ladakh region of India. The authors are also thankful to anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions which had helped in improvement of the manuscript.
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The first author is thankful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi, Govt. of India, for the fellowship grant which enabled to carry out the study in remote Ladakh region, India.
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Akbar, M., Bhat, M.S. & Khan, A.A. Multi-hazard susceptibility mapping for disaster risk reduction in Kargil-Ladakh Region of Trans-Himalayan India. Environ Earth Sci 82, 68 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10729-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10729-7