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Holistic approach to assess the coastal vulnerability to oceanogenic multi-hazards along the coast of Andhra Pradesh, India

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Abstract

The coastal vulnerability to multi-hazard study aims to assess the coastal zones of Andhra Pradesh that really are vulnerable to various oceanogenic hazards. Using high-resolution coastal elevation, the maximum extent of coastal inundation during extreme high waves of cyclones & tsunamis, shoreline change, and sea-level rise can be computed. Vulnerability impact up to the village level was assessed based on future projection (return period) of multi-hazard impact using a holistic approach with geospatial techniques. The current study results revealed that 706 villages and 8 towns that are completely falling under CMZ are at risk. A total of 9682 km2 of coastal zones of Andhra Pradesh coast are exposed and prone to inundation as recorded under CMZ. Krishna, Godavari, Guntur and Prakasham districts comprise 70% of the total CMZ area are large low-lying areas exposed to ocean hazards. CMZ area along Andhra Pradesh coast recorded a significant negative correlation of − 0.65 with coastal elevation and a positive correlation of 0.34 with coastal exposure index. Shoreline change assessed from 1972 to 2019 across the study area reveals the 7% under high erosion along the headland and low-lying area of Krishna-Godavari delta. The outputs and maps produced in this study provide vital input for coastal disaster management and necessary policy interventions.

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Abbreviations

CMZ:

Coastal multi-hazard zones

CEI:

Coastal exposure index

IPCC:

International Panel on Climate Change

AR5:

Fifth assessment report

MSL:

Mean sea level

SED:

Socio-economic development

CVI:

Coastal vulnerability index

ALTM:

Air-borne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Terrain Mapping

LiDAR:

Light detection and ranging

NRSC:

National Remote Sensing Center

ISRO:

Indian Space Research Organization

DEM:

Digital elevation model

MSS:

Multi-spectral scanner

TM:

Thematic mapper

ETM:

Enhanced thematic mapper

ETM +:

Enhanced thematic mapper plus

OLI:

Operational land imager

GLOSS:

Global Sea Level Observing System

IOC/UNESCO:

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

NOAA:

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

ERDAS:

Earth Resource Data Analysis System

NIR:

Near infra red

USGS:

United States Geological Survey

SLPR2:

Sea level processing software

NODC:

National Oceanographic Data Center

GEV:

Generalized extreme value

GAGAN:

GPS aided GEO augmented navigation

GPS:

Global positioning system

RMSE:

Root mean square error

US:

United States

MoES:

Ministry of Earth Sciences

O-SMART:

Ocean-services, modelling, application, resources and technology

GCPs:

Ground control points

INCOIS:

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information services

URL:

Universal resource locator

∆ :

Delta

\(p\) :

Probability of non-exceedance

‘R’:

Return period in years

‘a’:

Scale factor i.e., offset value

‘u’:

Location factor which is slope

U :

Extreme water level

m:

Meters

mm/y:

Millimeters per year

m/y:

Meters per year

km2 :

Square kilometers

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Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank USGS for making available Landsat data on the opensource domain through earth exploration. The authors also thank USGS for sharing the DSAS tool for shoreline change assessment. NOAA, US is also acknowledged for making available sea-level trends. The authors also thank Secretary, MoES for his constant support and encouragement. This study is funded by project of INCOIS under the O-SMART umbrella scheme of MoES.

Funding

Funding provided by Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, 500 090, India

    R. S. Mahendra, P. C. Mohanty, P. A. Francis, Sudheer Joseph, T. M. Balakrishnan Nair & T. Srinivasa Kumar

  2. Department of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574 199, India

    R. S. Mahendra

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  1. R. S. Mahendra
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  2. P. C. Mohanty
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  3. P. A. Francis
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  5. T. M. Balakrishnan Nair
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  6. T. Srinivasa Kumar
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Correspondence to R. S. Mahendra.

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Mahendra, R.S., Mohanty, P.C., Francis, P.A. et al. Holistic approach to assess the coastal vulnerability to oceanogenic multi-hazards along the coast of Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Earth Sci 80, 651 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09920-z

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