Effect of addition of organic residues on phosphorus release kinetics in some calcareous soils of western Iran

Abstract

We investigated the effects on phosphorus (P) release of the addition of potato, wheat, and sunflower residues and fruit compost to five calcareous soils. Residue was added at the rate of 20 g kg⁻¹. After 2 months of incubation, P values in control and amended soils were used for kinetic studies and fractionated by a sequential extraction procedure. The relative contribution of available P fraction (KCl-P) increased from 1.4% in control soils to 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.2%, and 2.3% in soils amended by fruit, wheat, potato, and sunflower residue addition, respectively, indicating that organic residues increased P in this fraction. In soils amended with different residues, the percentage of Olsen-P released over 86-h successive extractions with 0.01 M CaCl₂ ranged from 57.6% for fruit residue addition (average of five soils) to 60.5% for potato residue addition. The ability of residues to release P depended on the soil properties, with 21.9 mg kg⁻¹ (average of all residues) released to soil 2 and 77.4 mg kg⁻¹ released to soil 4. Also residues behaved differently, with 31.5 mg kg⁻¹ (average of five soils) released by fruit residues and 40.0 mg kg⁻¹ released by sunflower residues. Release of P was best described by a parabolic diffusion model. The corresponding rate constant (mg kg⁻¹ h^−1/2) for P release for amended soils, defined as the release rate averaged for five soils, was found to decrease in the order: potato (2.73) > sunflower (2.61) > wheat (2.56) > fruit (2.50). The present study demonstrates that addition of residues improves P availability of these calcareous soils by increasing extractable P and the release rate and could be an alternative, indigenous source of P. However, the increase in P availability and the release rate following organic residue application suggests high potential mobility to water sources.