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Effect of Compost and Lead Tolerant Bacillus sp. Strain N18 on Growth and Pb Uptake in Tomato Plants

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Abstract

Lead (Pb) contamination in rhizosphere soil inhibits seed germination and impairs ATP generation, causes lipid peroxidation, damages DNA molecules, and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, leading to decreased chlorophyll synthesis and plant growth. Using PGPR in combination with organic amendments has emerged as an eco-friendly and sustainable biological approach to reducing heavy metal toxicity in vegetables. In view, lead-tolerant Bacillus sp. strain N18 was evaluated along with compost to ameliorate lead toxicity in tomatoes under lead-contaminated soil conditions. The test soil was spiked with different concentrations of Pb (0, 400 and 600 mg kg− 1) and placed for 72 h for equilibrium before filling the plastic jars. Five 20-day-old tomato plants were transplanted in each jar and harvested after 40 days of transplantation. Results showed that plant height and root length were significantly improved by 11 and 49% over the control, while SPAD value was enhanced by 31% due to the combined use of Bacillus sp. strain N18 and compost under 600 mg kg− 1 of lead. The lead in root and shoot decreased by 6 and 13% compared with the un-inoculated control under 600 mg kg− 1 of Pb. The combination of Bacillus sp. strain N18 and compost also improved the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems by decreasing the proline contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and peroxidase (POX) activity. It is concluded that the combined use of lead-tolerant Bacillus sp. strain N18 and compost effectively ameliorated the lead toxicity in tomatoes grown under Pb-contaminated soil conditions. The integrated use of Bacillus sp. N18 and compost showed the potential for improving tomato growth and physiology under Pb-contaminated soils and decreasing the Pd uptake in tomato plants by stabilizing it in the root zone. This approach can be explored as a good strategy for growing vegetables, especially tomatoes, in Pb-contaminated peri-urban areas.

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Data Availability

The authors ensured that the data, figures, and tables presented in the manuscript are transparent, comply with field standards, and were never published before. The original data is available and will be provided at the author’s request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the research facilities provided the Soil Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Institute of Soil and Water Resources, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

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  1. Department of Soil Science, Institute of Soil and Water Resources, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Muhammad Hamza, Muhammad Fakhar-u-Zaman Akhtar, Azhar Hussain & Maqshoof Ahmad

  2. Institute of Agro-Industry and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Farheen Nazli

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Humera Aziz & Muhammad Rizwan

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Contributions

Muhammad Hamza conceived the idea, planned research, conducted experiments, analyzed data and prepared the initial draft; Muhammad Fakhar-u-Zaman Akhtar planned and supervised the research. Farheen Nazli helped with data curation and analysis and edited the manuscript. Humera Aziz and Muhammad Rizwan: Resources, Writing - review & editing, Methodology, data analysis. Azhar Hussain: helped in laboratory and data analysis and manuscript preparation; Maqshoof Ahmad: helped in manuscript write-up, compilation of results, and manuscript editing.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Rizwan or Maqshoof Ahmad.

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Hamza, M., Akhtar, MuZ., Nazli, F. et al. Effect of Compost and Lead Tolerant Bacillus sp. Strain N18 on Growth and Pb Uptake in Tomato Plants. Waste Biomass Valor (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-02898-w

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