Abstract
Unscientifically Created Landfills and Dumps, UCLDs, pose a severe threat to geoenvironment due to uncontrolled release of greenhouse gases and toxic leachate, accidental fire(s) and occasional slope failure(s). Further, UCLDs also become a socio-economic burden on the municipalities through the consumption of enormous land of the modern-day cities and creation of unhealthy living conditions for the surrounding populace. However, an increase in demand for the land to settle the ever-growing population of such cities and to meet the infrastructural requirements, the habitable boundaries of these cities are expanding, and hence mining of the UCLDs, termed as landfill mining, LFM, is being advocated. Apart from this, LFM facilitates the recovery of resources such as metals, plastics, glass and paper from the landfill mined residues, LMRs. Despite these advantages, LFM faces a significant challenge due to the creation of huge volumes of fine-fractions, separated from the LMRs, also known as ‘Landfill-Mined-Soil-like-Fractions’, LFMSF, which primarily is a conglomeration of organics, soils, debris and smaller chips of metals, plastics, and glass. Unfortunately, utilization of the LFMSF, as a manmade resource, has still not become a well-accepted practice. This is mainly due to the lack of understanding of the characteristics of the LFMSF that are mostly site-specific. With this in view, synthesis of the literature dealing with the issues related to the characterization and utilization of the LFMSF was conducted. It has been realized that by developing and following adequate characterization protocols and guidelines, the LFMSF can be utilized as a manmade resource for sustainable development, without impacting the geoenvironment adversely.
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Abbreviations
- AASHTO:
-
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
- AMD:
-
Acid mine drainage
- CEC:
-
Cation exchange capacity
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- CV:
-
Calorific value
- Cc :
-
Coefficient of curvature
- Cu :
-
Coefficient of uniformity
- D10 :
-
Particle size corresponding to 10% finer
- D30 :
-
Particle size corresponding to 30% finer
- D60 :
-
Particle size corresponding to 60% finer
- EC:
-
Electrical conductivity
- ELFM:
-
Enhanced landfill mining
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- EPS:
-
Extracellular polymeric substance
- ESR:
-
Electron spin resonance
- FA:
-
Fulvic acid
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- Gs :
-
Specific gravity
- HA:
-
Humic acid
- ISSCS:
-
Indian standard soil classification system
- kd :
-
Distribution coefficient
- LFM:
-
Landfill mining
- LOI:
-
Loss on ignition
- LMRs:
-
Landfill mined residues
- LFMSF:
-
Landfill-mined soil-like-fractions
- L/S ratio:
-
Liquid to solid ratio
- MC:
-
Moisture content
- MChg :
-
Hygroscopic moisture content
- MSW:
-
Municipal solid waste
- NFB:
-
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- NP:
-
Acid-neutralizing potential
- NRC:
-
Nutrient retention capacity
- OM:
-
Organic matter
- PCR:
-
Polymerase chain reaction
- PRB:
-
Permeable reactive barrier
- PSB:
-
Phosphorous stabilizing bacteria
- PSD:
-
Particle size distribution
- RDF:
-
Refused derived fuel
- SSA:
-
Specific surface area
- TOC:
-
Total organic carbon
- UCLDs:
-
Unscientifically created landfills and dumpsites
- USCS:
-
Unified soil classification system
- γb :
-
Bulk density
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The financial support received from the Department of Science and Technology, Technology Development and Transfer Division, India (DST/TDT/WMT/2017/239(G) DT. 14.03.2018) for conducting this study is thankfully acknowledged.
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Chandana, N., Goli, V.S.N.S., Mohammad, A. et al. Characterization and Utilization of Landfill-Mined-Soil-Like-Fractions (LFMSF) for Sustainable Development: A Critical Appraisal. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 641–662 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01052-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01052-y