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Possible scenarios for single, double, or multiple kinetic freeze-out in high-energy collisions

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Abstract

Transverse momentum spectra of different types of particles produced in mid-rapidity interval in central and peripheral gold–gold (Au–Au) collisions, central and peripheral deuteron–gold (d–Au) collisions, and inelastic (INEL) or non-single-diffractive (NSD) proton–proton (pp) collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), as well as in central and peripheral lead–lead (Pb–Pb) collisions, central and peripheral proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions, and INEL or NSD pp collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are analyzed by the blast-wave model with Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics. The model results are largely consist with the experimental data in special transverse momentum ranges measured by the PHENIX, STAR, ALICE, and CMS Collaborations. It is showed that the kinetic freeze-out temperature of emission source is dependent on particle mass, which reveals the scenario for multiple kinetic freeze-out in collisions at the RHIC and LHC. The scenario for single or double kinetic freeze-out is not observed in this study.

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Data availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are quoted from the mentioned references. As a phenomenological work, this paper does not report new data.

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Acknowledgements

Communications from Edward K. Sarkisyan-Grinbaum are highly acknowledged. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 11575103 and 11747319, the Chinese Government Scholarship (China Scholarship Council), the Shanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 201701D121005 (China), the Fund for Shanxi “1331 Project” Key Subjects Construction (China), and the Grant of Scientific Research Deanship at Qassim University (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Theoretical Physics and State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China

    M Waqas & F-H Liu

  2. Physics Department, College of Science and Arts in Riyadh Al-Khabra, Qassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    S Fakhraddin & M A Rahim

  3. Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sana’a University, P.O. Box 1247, Sana’a, Republic of Yemen

    S Fakhraddin & M A Rahim

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  1. M Waqas
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  2. F-H Liu
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  3. S Fakhraddin
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  4. M A Rahim
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Correspondence to F-H Liu.

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Waqas, M., Liu, FH., Fakhraddin, S. et al. Possible scenarios for single, double, or multiple kinetic freeze-out in high-energy collisions. Indian J Phys 93, 1329–1343 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-019-01396-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-019-01396-9

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