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Dead Time Estimation of the Transient Digitizer of the Raman Lidar System Installed at a High-Altitude Station Palampur in India

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Abstract

The photon counts (PC) signal of the lidar backscattered signal is affected by the dead time of the transient digitizer. The dead time relies on the photomultiplier (PMT) characteristics and high voltage settings which results in variation of the dead time over time. In this paper, the dead time of the Raman lidar system installed at remote atmospheric monitoring station of CSIR-National Physical Laboratory in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India, is estimated and reported. Two different methods proposed by Whiteman et al. and Newsom et al. are used to derive the dead time of the lidar system from June 2016 to June 2019 and the results of both the methods are statistically compared. The results show that the dead time values were found to be increasing from 4 ns to 5.8 ns over the study period. For comparison, one sample t-test and Bland–Altman analysis were used along with the correlation and regression analysis and the results suggest that both the methods were found to be in agreement and there was no statistically significant difference between both the methods. The dead time corrected data was used to obtain glued signal and from that aerosol optical properties have been derived. The optical properties derived from glued signal, dead time corrected and uncorrected signal have been compared and we observed significant difference at the lower altitudes.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Director, CSIR- National Physical Laboratory and Head Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division (ESBMD) for the required support. Mr. Jaswant is thankful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for providing research fellowship and also to Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) for facilitating as its PhD student.

Funding

This work was supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research network project [Grant Numbers PSC-0112]; SERB Sponsored project [Grant Number GAP151332].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Sciences and Bimedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Jaswant, Soman R. Radhakrishnan, Shishir Kumar Singh & Chhemendra Sharma

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Jaswant, Soman R. Radhakrishnan, Shishir Kumar Singh & Chhemendra Sharma

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  1. Jaswant
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Correspondence to Soman R. Radhakrishnan.

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Jaswant, Radhakrishnan, S.R., Singh, S.K. et al. Dead Time Estimation of the Transient Digitizer of the Raman Lidar System Installed at a High-Altitude Station Palampur in India. MAPAN 36, 833–842 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-021-00496-4

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