Abstract
l-serine is a naturally occurring dietary amino acid that has recently received renewed attention as a potential therapy for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN1), and sleep induction and maintenance. We have previously reported l-serine functions as a competitive inhibitor of l-BMAA toxicity in cell cultures and have since progressed to examine the neuroprotective effects of l-serine independent of l-BMAA-induced neurotoxicity. For example, in a Phase I, FDA-approved human clinical trial of 20 ALS patients, our lab reported 30 g l-serine/day was safe, well-tolerated, and slowed the progression of the disease in a group of 5 patients. Despite increasing evidence for l-serine being useful in the clinic, little is known about the mechanism of action of the observed neuroprotection. We have previously reported, in SH-SY5Y cell cultures, that l-serine alone can dysregulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) and increase the translation of the chaperone protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and these mechanisms may contribute to the clearance of mis- or unfolded proteins. Here, we further explore the pathways involved in protein clearance when l-serine is present in low and high concentrations in cell culture. We incubated SH-SY5Y cells in the presence and absence of l-serine and measured changes in the activity of proteolytic enzymes from the autophagic-lysosomal system, cathepsin B, cathepsin L, and arylsulfatase and specific activities of the proteasome, peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolyzing (PGPH) (also called caspase-like), chymotrypsin, and trypsin-like. Under our conditions, we report that l-serine selectively induced the activity of autophagic-lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B and L, but not any of the proteasome-hydrolyzing activities. To enable comparison with previous work, we also incubated cells with l-BMAA and report no effect on the activity of the autophagic lysosomes or the proteasomes. We also developed an open-source script for the automation of linear regression calculations of kinetic data. Autophagy impairment or failure is characteristic of many neurodegenerative disease; thus, activation of autophagic-lysosomal proteolysis may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of l-serine, which has been reported in cell culture and human clinical trials.
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Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- ALS:
-
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- ATP:
-
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate
- l-BMAA:
-
Beta-methylamino-l-alanine
- BSA:
-
Bovine serum albumin
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- HSAN1:
-
Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type I
- FBS:
-
Fetal bovine serum
- HD:
-
Huntington’s disease
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- p-NCS:
-
4-Nitrocatechol sulfate dipotassium salt
- PDI:
-
Protein disulfide isomerase
- PGPH:
-
Peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolyzing
- UPR:
-
Unfolded protein response
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This research was supported by The William Stamps Farish Fund.
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Dunlop, R.A., Carney, J.M. Mechanisms of l-Serine-Mediated Neuroprotection Include Selective Activation of Lysosomal Cathepsins B and L. Neurotox Res 39, 17–26 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00168-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00168-2