Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Fabrication method and microstructural characteristics of coal-tar-pitch-based 2D carbon/carbon composites

  • Published:
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The lignin-cellulosic texture of wood was used to produce two-dimensional (2D) carbon/carbon (C/C) composites using coal tar pitch. Ash content tests were conducted to select two samples among the different kinds of woods present in Iran, including walnut, white poplar, cherry, willow, buttonwood, apricots, berry, and blue wood. Walnut and white poplar with ash contents of 1.994wt% and 0.351wt%, respectively, were selected. The behavior of these woods during pyrolysis was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermo gravimetric (TG) analysis. The bulk density and open porosity were measured after carbonization and densification. The microstructural characteristics of samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that the density of both the walnut and white poplar is increased, and the open porosity is decreased with the increasing number of carbonization cycles. The XRD patterns of the wood charcoal change gradually with increasing pyrolysis temperature, possibly as a result of the ultra-structural changes in the charcoal or the presence of carbonized coal tar pitch in the composite’s body.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. T. Manabe, M. Ohata, S. Yoshizawa, D. Nakajima, S. Goto, K. Uchida, and H. Yajima, Effect of carbonization temperature on the physicochemical structure of wood charcoal, Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn., 32(2007), No. 4, p. 1035.

    Google Scholar 

  2. T.C. Wang, T.X. Fan, D. Zhang, and G.D. Zhang, Fabrication and the wear behaviors of the carbon/aluminum composites based on wood templates, Carbon, 44(2006), No. 5, p. 900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. T.C. Wang, T.X. Fan, D. Zhang, and G.D. Zhang, Fabrication, thermal expansions, and mechanical properties of carbon/aluminum composites based on wood templates, J. Mater. Sci., 41(2006), No. 18, p. 6095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Y. Ohzawa, M. Mitani, J.L. Li, and T. Nakajima., Structures and electrochemical properties of pyrolytic carbon films infiltrated from gas phase into electro-conductive substrates derived from wood, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 113(2004), No. 1, p. 91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. I. Külaots, A. Hsu, and E.M. Suuberg, The role of porosity in char combustion, Proc. Combust. Inst., 31(2007), No. 2, p. 1897.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Kumar and R.C. Gupta, Influence of carbonization conditions on the pyrolytic carbon deposition in acacia and eucalyptus wood chars, Energy Sources, 19(1997), No. 3, p. 295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. G.A. Zickler, T. Schöberl, and O. Paris, Mechanical properties of pyrolysed wood: a nanoindentation study, Philos. Mag., 86(2006), p. 1373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. P. Colombo, Conventional and novel processing methods for cellular ceramics, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 364(2006), No. 1838, p. 109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. V. Pancholi, D. Mallick, Ch. AppaRao, I. Samajdar, O.P. Chakrabarti, H.S. Maiti, and R. Majumdar, Microstructural characterization using orientation imaging microscopy of cellular Si/SiC ceramics synthesized by replication of Indian dicotyledonous plants, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 27(2006), p. 367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. P. Álvarez, C. Blanco, R. Santamaría, and M. Granda, Lignocellulose/pitch based composites, Compos. Part A, 36(2005), No. 5, p. 649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Y.S. Virgil’ev and I.P. Kalyagina, Carbon-carbon composite materials, Inorg. Mater., 40(2004), No. 1, p. S33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. J.N. Sahu, J. Acharya, and B.C. Meikap, Optimization of production conditions for activated carbons from Tamarind wood by zinc chloride using response surface methodology, Bioresour. Technol., 101(2010), No. 6, p. 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. S.M. Kwon, N.H. Kim, and D.S. Cha, An investigation on the transition characteristics of the wood cell walls during carbonization, Wood Sci. Technol., 43(2009), No. 5–6, p. 487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. F.C. Beall and H.W. Elckner, Thermal degradation of wood components: a review of the literature, U.S.D.A. Forest Service Research Paper, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, 1970, p. 130.

    Google Scholar 

  15. W. Brostow, K.P. Menard, and N. Menard, Combustion properties of several species of wood, Chem. Chem. Technol., 3(2009), No. 3, p. 173.

    Google Scholar 

  16. S.X. Liu, S.R. Zhang, B.N. Li, and W.H. Zhu, Thermal testing methods in determination of characterization of charcoals, J. For. Res., 11(2000), No. 1, p. 60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. M. Klučáková, Analysis of relationship between properties and behaviour of materials used and impregnation conditions of carbon-carbon composites, Acta Mater., 53(2005), No. 14, p. 3841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. S.S. Tzeng and J.H. Pan, Densification of two-dimensional carbon/carbon composites by pitch impregnation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 316(2001), No. 1–2, p. 127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. K. Nishimiya, T. Hata, Y. Imamura, and S. Ishihara, Analysis of chemical structure of wood charcoal by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Wood Sci., 44(1998), No. 1, p. 56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. T. Hirose, T. Fujino, T.X. Fan, E. Hiroyuki, T. Okabe, and M. Yoshimura, Effect of carbonization temperature on the structural changes of woodceramics impregnated with liquefied wood, Carbon, 40(2002), p. 761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. G.R. Devi and K.R. Rao, Carbon-carbon composites: an overview, Defence Sci. J., 43(1993), No. 4, p. 369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 13114-16846, Iran

    Mohammad Esmaeeli & Alireza Mirhabibi

  2. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 19991-43344, Iran

    Hamed Khosravi

Authors
  1. Mohammad Esmaeeli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hamed Khosravi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alireza Mirhabibi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamed Khosravi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Esmaeeli, M., Khosravi, H. & Mirhabibi, A. Fabrication method and microstructural characteristics of coal-tar-pitch-based 2D carbon/carbon composites. Int J Miner Metall Mater 22, 210–216 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-015-1063-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-015-1063-5

Keywords