Abstract
Beach erosion is a serious problem that can be aggravated by human-made structures, and the modeling of breaking waves near the coast and around coastal structures can be used to determine their impact. In this study, OpenFoam was employed to simulate turbulent flows around a submerged breakwater (SBW) to compare the performance of two turbulence modeling schemes—RANS and LES. We coupled a Lagrangian sediment particle module with OpenFoam to examine the turbulence caused by breaking waves. The numerical setup for the simulations was based on bathymetry measurements made at Hujeong Beach in South Korea. The results show that the wave heights simulated by LES were higher than those simulated by RANS in the front and lee areas of the SBW, and they were lower at the top of the SBW. This indicates that a larger amount of wave energy was conserved after passing over the SBW according to LES. These results were also confirmed via the obtained turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). When using LES, TKE increased in the lee area, where the waves broke after passing over the SBW. In case of RANS, however, TKE was not successfully conserved; it significantly decreased in the lee area. Lagrangian sediment motions show that, when using LES, a strong eddy formed, which entrained and dispersed the sediments into the water column. In the case of RANS, however, no evidence of such turbulent eddy formation was found, which confirms the better performance of LES for resolving turbulence.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexandrakis G, Manasakis C, Kampanis NA (2015) Valuating the effects of beach erosion to tourism revenue. A management perspective. Ocean Coast Manage 111:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.04.001
Anderson TR, Fletcher CH, Barbee MM, Frazer LN, Romine BM (2015) Doubling of coastal erosion under rising sea level by mid-century in Hawaii. Nat Hazards 78(1):–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1698-6
Chang YS, Hanes DM (2004) Suspended sediment and hydrodynamics above mildly sloped long wave ripples. J Geophys Res 109: C07022. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001900
Chang YS, Scotti A (2004) Modeling unsteady flow over ripples: Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations(RANS) versus large-eddy simulation(LES). J Geophys Res 109:C09012. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002208
Chang YS, Scotti A (2006) Turbulent convection of suspended sediments due to flow reversal. J Geophys Res 111:C07001. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003240
Chang YS, Park YG (2016) Suspension of sediment particles over a ripple due to turbulent convection under unsteady flow conditions. Ocean Sci J 51(1):–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-016-0011-2
Chang YS, Huisman B, Boer W, Yoo J (2018) Hindcast of longterm shoreline change due to coastal interventions at Namhangin, Korea. J Coastal Res 85:201–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.2112/SI85-041.1
Christensen ED, Deigaard R (2001) Large eddy simulation of breaking waves. Coast Eng 42(1):–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(00)00049-1
Higuera P, Lara JL, Losada IJ (2013) Realistic wave generation and active wave absorption for Navier-Stokes model: Application to OpenFOAM. Coast Eng 71:102–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.07.002
Higuera P, Lara JL, Losada IJ (2014) Three-dimensional interaction of waves and porous coastal structures using OpenFOAM. Part I: Formulation and validation. Coast Eng 83:243–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.08.010
Holthuijsen LH, Booij N, Ris RC (1993) A spectral wave model for the coastal zone. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis, Louisiana, pp 630–641
Jasak H (1996) Error analysis and estimation for the finite volume method with applications to fluid flows. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 394 p
Jourabian M (2017) Numerical and experimental investigation of suspended sediment transport in lab-scale turbulent open channel flow. Ph.D. thesis, University of Trieste, 82 p
Jourabian M, Armenio V (2017) Wall-layer model for large eddy simulation (LES) of suspended sediment transport (SST) in a lab-scale turbulent open channel flow. In: 13th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics (HEFAT2017), Slovenia, 17–19 July 2017
Kim Y, Zhou Z, Hsu T-J, Puleo JA (2017) Large eddy simulation of dam-break-driven swash on a rough-planar beach. J Geophys Res-Oceans 122(2):–1296. doi:10.1002/2016JC012366
Klostermann J, Schaake K, Schwarze R (2013) Numerical simulation of a single rising bubble by VOF with surface compression. Int J Numer Meth Fl 71:960–982. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.3692
Komar PD, McDougal WG (1988) Coastal erosion and engineering structures: The Oregon experience. J Coastal Res 4:77–92
Lee T, Hanes DM (1996) Comparison of field observations of the vertical distribution of suspended sand and its prediction by models. J Geophys Res-Oceans 101(C2):–3572. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03283
Lilly DK (1966) On the application of the eddy viscosity concept in the inertial subrange of turbulence. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, NCAR Manuscript 123, 19 p
Lin H-G (2013) An improvement of wave refraction-diffraction effect in SWAN. J Mar Sci Technol 21(2):–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.6119/JMST-012-1207-1
Lubin P, Vincent S, Abadie S, Caltagirone, J-P (2006) Threedimensional large eddy simulation of air entrainment under plunging breaking waves. Coast Eng 53(8):–655. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.01.001
Matsubayashi Y, Okayasu A (2014) Large eddy simulation of wave breaking with momentum-advected scheme for uni-phase bubbly flow. In: Proceedings of 34th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Seoul, pp 1–8
Maxey MR, Riley J (1983) Equation of motion for a small rigid sphere in a non-uniform flow. Phys Fluids 26(4):–889. doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.864230
Miquel AM, Kamath A, Chella MA, Archetti R, Bihs H (2018) Analysis of different methods for wave generation and absorption in a CFD-based numerical wave tank. J Mar Sci Eng 6:1–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6020073
Noh WF, Woodward P (1976) SLIC (Simple Line Interface Calculation). In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, Twente University, Enschede, pp 330–340
O’Donoghue T, Wright S (2004) Concentrations in oscillatory sheet flow for well sorted and graded sands. Coastal Eng 50:117–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2003.09.004
Pelnard-Considere R (1956) Essai de theorie de l’evolution des forms de ravage en plage de sable et de galets. In: 4th Journees de l’Hydraulique, Les Energies de la Mer, Question III, pp 792–808
Ranasinghe R, Larson M, Savioli J (2010) Shoreline responses to a single shore-parallel submerged breakwater. Coastal Eng 57(1):1006–1017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.06.002
Robinson SK (1991) Coherent motions in the turbulent boundary layer. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 23:601–639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.23.010191.003125
Rogallo RS, Moin P (1984) Numerical simulation of turbulent flows. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 16:99–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000531
Ruggiero P, Buijsman M, Kaminsky GM, Gelfendaum G (2009) Modeling the effect of wave climate and sediment supply variability on large-scale shoreline change. Mar Geol 273(1–4):127–140. 10.1016/j.margeo.2010.02.008
Russell PE (1993) Mechanism for beach erosion during storms. Cont Shelf Res 13(11):1243–1265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)90051-X
Schäffer HA, Klopman G (2000) Review of multidirectional active wave absorption methods. J Waterw Port C DIV 126(2):88–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2000)126:2(88)
Smagorinsky J (1963) General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. I. The basic experiment. Mon Weather Rev 91:99–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1963)0910099:GCEWTP2.3.CO;2
Vandebeek I, Gruwezi V, Altomare C, Suzuki T, Vanneste D, Roo SD, Toorman E, Troch P (2018) Toward an efficient and highly accurate coupled numerical modeling approach for wave interactions with a dike on a very shallow foreshore. In: Proceedings of 7th International Conference on the Application of Physical Modelling in Coastal and Port Engineering and Science (Coastlab18), Santander, 22–26 May 2018, pp 1–10
Watanabe A, Maruyama K, Shimizu T, Sakakiyama T (1986) Numerical prediction model of three-dimensional beach deformation around a structure. Coast Eng J 29(1):179–194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/05785634.1986.11924437
Wiberg PL, Smith JD (1985) A theoretical model for saltating grains in water. J Geophys Res 90(C4):7341–7354. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/JC090iC04p07341
Wilcox DC (1998) Turbulence modeling for CFD. DCW Industry, Calif, 540 p
Xie Z (2013) Two-phase flow modelling of spilling and plunging breaking waves. Appl Math Model 37(6):3698–3713. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.07.057
Zhou Z, Hsu T-J, Cox D, Liu X (2017) Large eddy simulation of wave-breaking induced turbulent coherent structures and suspended sediment transport on a barred beach. J Geophys Res-Oceans 122:207–235
Zou Q, Hay AE (2003) The vertical structure of the wave bottom boundary layer over a sloping bed: Theory and field measurements. J Phys Oceanogr 33:1380–1400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<1380:TVSOTW>2.0.CO;2
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology for the projects titled ‘Development of application technologies for ocean energy and harbor and offshore structures (PE99831)’.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chang, Y.S., Do, J.D., Jeong, W.M. et al. Comparison of Turbulent Flows and Suspended Sediment Particle Motions Simulated around a Submerged Breakwater Using RANS and LES. Ocean Sci. J. 55, 1–16 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-020-0009-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-020-0009-7