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Co-free/Co-poor high-Ni cathode for high energy, stable and low-cost lithium-ion batteries

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Abstract

Advanced cathode materials have been considered as the key to significantly improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). High-Ni layer-structured cathodes, especially with Ni atomic content above 0.9 (LiNixM1−xO2, x ≥ 0.9), exhibit high capacity to be commercially available in electric vehicles (EVs). However, the intrinsic structure instability of high-Ni materials and the negative impacts severely restrict their further application. In addition, Co has various effective efforts to stabilize the layered structure. Nevertheless, due to the high cost of Co, it is required to be replaced. Therefore, modification methods on increasing the stability of high-Ni cathode with the reduction of Co content have been widely investigated. In this review, we summarized various effective research progresses and several potential modification strategies of Co-free/Co-poor layered cathodes with Ni content over 0.9. The challenges and development opportunities of high-Ni, Co-free/Co-poor cathodes are further overviewed to meet the future commercial energy demands.

Graphical abstract

摘要

先进的正极材料被认为是显著提高锂离子电池能量密度的关键。高镍层状正极材料（特别是镍含量在0.9以上）因其高容量而具有较高的商用能力。然而，高镍层状正极材料自身的结构不稳定性及其负面影响严重限制了其进一步应用。Co元素可以用来稳定层状结构，由于钴的成本太高，因此，通过降低Co含量来提高高镍正极材料稳定性的改性方法得到了广泛的研究。本文综述了无钴/贫钴层状正极材料（镍含量大于0.9的）的研究进展和几种可能的改性策略，进一步概述了高镍、无钴/贫钴正极的挑战和发展机遇，以满足未来的商业能源需求。

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Fig. 1

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30]. Copyright 2003, Elsevier. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [15]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 2

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH. b Schematic description of internal morphological difference of CSG90 and CC90 cathodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. b Structural inhomogeneity at high C-rates existing in single-crystal cathodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. c Schematic diagram of a Mo-modified LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 cathode material. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2019, the Electrochemical Society. b Cross-sectional SEM images of NCM90 and NM90 at 30 and 60 °C with corresponding differential capacity curves (dQ/dV) after 100 cycles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH. c Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) pattern. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH

Fig. 6

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22109091 and 91963113).

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  1. Zhe-Dong Liu and Chun-Ying Wang have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China

    Zhe-Dong Liu & Rui Liu

  2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China

    Zhe-Dong Liu, Chun-Ying Wang, Jing-Chao Zhang, Jia-Wei Luo, Cui-Hua Zeng & Ya-Nan Chen

  3. Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia

    Wei-Di Liu

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Liu, ZD., Wang, CY., Zhang, JC. et al. Co-free/Co-poor high-Ni cathode for high energy, stable and low-cost lithium-ion batteries. Rare Met. 42, 2214–2225 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02252-2

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