Abstract
It is approved that grain boundary diffusion is an effective method to increase the coercivity of hot-deformed NdFeB magnet. In this paper, a new rare earth-free grain boundary diffusion source of hot-deformed magnet was studied. AlCuZn powders blended with commercial NdFeB powders were hot-compacted to obtain fully dense magnets, hot-deformed into anisotropic magnets and finally annealed to gain better homogeneity. Initially, the influences of annealing temperature and time on the magnetic properties of the specimens were studied and the optimal parameters of 600 °C and 60 min were achieved. Then, by changing the proportions of AlCuZn grain boundary diffusion, the coercivity, remanence and maximum energy product of the hot-deformed NdFeB magnets were examined. The result showed that with 1.0 wt% AlCuZn grain boundary diffusion and annealing at 600 °C for 60 min, the coercivity rose from 828 to 987 kA·m−1 without deteriorating the remanence. Microstructural analysis confirmed that AlCuZn diffused into the intergranular boundaries and the magnet diffused with AlCuZn possessed finer grains than that of without AlCuZn grain boundary diffusion.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liu WQ, Chang C, Yue M, Yang JS, Zhang DT, Zhang JX, Liu YQ. Coercivity, microstructure, and thermal stability of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by grain boundary diffusion with TbH3 nanoparticles. Rare Met. 2017;36(9):30.
Wang JM, Guo ZH, Jing Z, Du X, Yu NJ, Li MY, Zhu MG, Li W. Coercivity enhancement of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets with Pr-Cu alloy addition. Rare Met. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-017-0993-7.
Sugimoto S. Current status and recent topics of rare-earth permanent magnets. J Phys D:Appl Phys. 2011;44(6):064001.
Gutfleisch O, Willard MA, Brück E, Chen CH, Sankar SG, Liu JP. Magnetic materials and devices for the 21st century: stronger, lighter, and more energy efficient. Adv Mater. 2011;23(7):821.
Liu L, Sepehriamin H, Sasaki TT, Ohkubo T, Yano M, Sakuma N, Kato A, Shoji T, Hono K. Coercivity enhancement of Nd-Fe-B hot-deformed magnets by the eutectic grain boundary diffusion process using Nd-Ga-Cu and Nd-Fe-Ga-Cu alloys. AIP Adv. 2018;8(5):056205.
Yin WZ, Chen RJ, Tang X, Lin NM, Lee D, Yan AR. Origins of axial inhomogeneity of magnetic performance in hot deformed Nd-Fe-B ring magnets. J Appl Phys. 2012;111(7):411.
Li AH, Li W, Lai B, Wang HJ. Investigation on microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties of hot deformed Nd-Fe-B ring magnets. J Appl Phys. 2010;107(9):358.
Hono K, Sepehri-amin H. Strategy for high-coercivity Nd-Fe-B magnets. Scr Mater. 2012;67(6):530.
Xie JJ, Yuan C, Luo Y, Yang Y, Hu B, Yu DB, Yan W. Coercivity enhancement and thermal-stability improvement in the melt-spun NdFeB ribbons by grain boundary diffusion. J Magn Magn Mater. 2018;446:210.
Wang YL, Luo Y, Wang Z, Wu GY, Xie JJ, Yan W, Yu DB. Coercivity enhancement in Nd-Fe-B magnetic powders by Nd-Cu-Al grain boundary diffusion. J Magn Magn Mater. 2018;458:85.
Tang X, Chen RJ, Li M, Jin C, Yin W, Lee D, Yan AR. Grain boundary diffusion behaviors in hot-deformed Nd2Fe14B magnets by PrNd-Cu low eutectic alloys. J Magn Magn Mater. 2018;445:66.
Zhou L, Li J, Cheng X, Liu T, Yu X, Li B. Dy gradient and coercivity in grain boundary diffusion processed Nd–Fe–B magnet. J Rare Earths. 2017;35(6):559.
Tang M, Bao XQ, Lu K, Sun L, Mu X, Li J, Gao XX. Microstructure modification and coercivity enhancement of Nd–Ce–Fe–B sintered magnets by grain boundary diffusing Nd–Dy–Al alloy. J Magn Magn Mater. 2017;442:338.
Lu K, Bao XQ, Tang M, Sun L, Li J, Gao XX. Influence of annealing on microstructural and magnetic properties of Nd–Fe–B magnets by grain boundary diffusion with Pr-Cu and Dy-Cu alloys. J Magn Magn Mater. 2017;441:517.
Zhang T, Chen F, Zheng Y, Wen H, Zhang L, Zhou L. Anisotropic behavior of grain boundary diffusion in hot-deformed Nd–Fe–B magnet. Scr Mater. 2017;129:1.
Wang ZX, Ju J, Wang J, Yin W, Chen RJ, Li M, Sun J, Jin C, Tang X, Lee D, Yan AR. Near-surface microstructure improvement for die-upset Nd–Fe–B magnets with an enhanced maximum energy product. J Alloys Compd. 2017;710:66.
Wang CG, Yue M, Zhang DT, Liu WQ, Zhang JX. Structure and magnetic properties of hot deformed Nd2Fe14B magnets doped with DyHx nanoparticles. J Magn Magn Mater. 2016;404:64.
Lee YI, Huang GY, Shih CW, Chang WC, Chang HW, You JS. Coercivity enhancement in hot deformed Nd2Fe14B-type magnets by doping low-melting RCu alloys (R = Nd, Dy, Nd + Dy). J Magn Magn Mater. 2017;439:1.
Sawatzki S, Kübel C, Ener S, Gutfleisch O. Grain boundary diffusion in nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets with low-melting eutectics. Acta Mater. 2016;115:354.
Tang W, Zhou L, Sun KW, Dennis KW, Kramer MJ, Anderson IE, Mccallum RW. Anisotropic hot deformed magnets prepared from Zn-coated MRE-Fe-B ribbon powder (MRE = Nd + Y + Dy). J Appl Phys. 2014;115(17):17A725.
Saito T, Sajima Y, Nishio-hamane D. Enhancement of magnetic properties by Zn addition in Nd-Fe-B hot-deformed magnets produced by spark plasma sintering method. J Alloys Compd. 2016;687:662.
Yi PP, Lin M, Chen R, Lee D, Yan AR. Enhanced magnetic properties and bending strength of hot deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets with Cu additions. J Alloys Compd. 2010;491(1–2):605.
Mishra RK. Microstructure of hot-pressed and die-upset NdFeB magnets. J Appl Phys. 1987;62(3):967.
Mishra RK, Brewer EG, Lee RW. Grain growth and alignment in hot deformed Nd–Fe–B magnets. J Appl Phys. 1988;63(8):3528.
Wang XC, Zhu MG, Li W, Li YF, Lai B, Du A. Microstructure and magnetic properties of anisotropic hot-deformed magnet of different magnetic particle sizes. Rare Met. 2015;34(4):255.
Sawatzki S, Dirba I, Wendrock H, Schultz L, Gutfleisch O. Diffusion processes in hot-deformed Nd–Fe–B magnets with DyF3 additions. J Magn Magn Mater. 2014;358:163.
Zhao R, Zhang WC, Li JJ, Wang HJ, Zhu MG, Li W. Effect of die-upset process on magnetic properties and deformation behavior of nanostructured Nd-Fe-B magnets. J Magn. 2011;16(3):294.
Chen B, Li J, Liu Y, Wang RQ, Lian LX. Structural and magnetic properties of single-stage hot deformed NdFeB magnets prepared by different initial densities. Rare Met. 2014;33(4):448.
Yi PP, Lee D, Yan AR. Effects of compositions on characteristics and microstructures for melt-spun ribbons and die-upset magnets of Nd12.8+xFe81.2−x−y−zCoyGazB6. J Magn Magn Mater. 2010;322(20):3019.
Zhang DT, Wang PF, Yue M, Liu WQ, Zhang JX, Sundararajan JA, Qiang Y. High-temperature magnetic properties of anisotropic MnBi/NdFeB hybrid bonded magnets. Rare Met. 2016;35(6):471.
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2016YFB0700902).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, YQ., Li, KS., Peng, HJ. et al. Coercivity enhancement of hot-deformed NdFeB permanent magnets with AlCuZn eutectic alloy grain boundary diffusion. Rare Met. 41, 226–231 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-020-01531-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-020-01531-0