Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

SPS densification behavior of W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe heavy alloy powders

  • Published:
Rare Metals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) method was used to sinter two different types of 93W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe (wt pct) heavy alloy powders which were respectively prepared by simple mixing and high-energy ball milling (HEBM) for 40 h. In SPS processing, the powder compacts were heated at 100 °C/min to the desired sintering temperature with 5 min holding. The SPS densification behavior of the two types of powders was investigated. For the simple mixed powders, the compacts start to shrink around 850 °C, and the densification is enhanced by diffusion and plastic deformation with the increase of temperature. Consequently the compacts shrink effectively and obtain nearly full density around 1230 °C. While for the as-milled powders, recovery and recrystallization occur between 700–850 °C due to the crystal lattice distortion and defects resulted from HEBM, causing the soften of particles and a slight shrink of compacts. When increasing temperature, nanosintering of W crystallines in the matrix occurs in the inside of the composite powders, and the densification rate accelerates and maximizes at about 1050 °C. Owing to the improved activity of powders from HEBM, the tungsten grains coarsen rapidly in the sintering, simultaneously, the harmful intermetallic phases Ni2W4C and Fe6W6C are generated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yu Y., Wang E.D., and Hu L.X., Effect of nanocrystalline tungsten powders on the microstructure and properties of liquid-phase sintered 93 W alloys, Mater. Sci. and Technol., 2006, 14(4): 385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hong S.H., and Ryu H.J., Combination of mechanical alloying and two-stage sintering of a 93W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe tungsten heavy alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 344(1–2): 253.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Zhu Y.B., Wang Y., Zhang X.Y., and Qin G.W., W-Ni-Fe phase interfacial characteristics of liquid-phase sintered W-Ni-Fe alloy, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2007, 25(4): 275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. German R.M., Sintering Theory and Practice, Wiley, New York, NY, 1996. 230.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Cai W.D., Li Y. Dowding R.J., Mohamed F.A., and Lavernia E.J., A review of tungsten-based alloys as kinetic energy penetrator materials, Rev. Particul. Mater., 1995, 3: 71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. White G.D., and Gurwell W.E., Freeze dried tungsten heavy alloy, Adv. Powder. Metall., 1989, 12(1): 355.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Raghunathan S., and Bourell D.L., Synthesis and evaluation of advanced nanocrystalline tungsten-based materials, P/M Sci. Technol. Briefs, 1999, 1(1): 9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fan J.L., Huang B.Y., and Qu X.H., W-Ni-Fe nanostructure materials synthesized by high energy ball milling, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2000, 10(1): 57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gurwell W.E., Solid state sintering of tungsten heavy alloys, [in] Tungsten Refract Met-1994, Proc Int. Conf, 2nd, 1995. 65.

  10. Sylvia T.H., Thomas H., and Theador S., Talor-made tungsten heavy alloy by solid state sintering of pre-alloyed powder and subsequent add working, [in] Tungsten Refract Met-1994, Proc Int. Conf, 2nd, 1995. 169.

  11. Ryu H.J., Hong S.H., and Baek W.H., Mechanical alloying process of 93W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe tungsten heavy alloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1997, 63(1–3): 292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Ryu H.J., and Hong S.H., Fabrication and properties of mechanically alloyed oxide-dispersed tungsten heavy alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 363(1–2): 179.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wu G.C., You Q., and Wang D., Influence of the addition of Lanthanum on a W-Mo-Ni-Fe heavy alloy, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 1999, 17(4): 299.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hong S.H., Kang S.L., Yoon D.N., and Baek W.H., Reduction of the interfacial segregation of phosphorus and its embrittlement effect by lanthanum addition in a W-Ni-Fe heavy alloy, Metall. Trans. A, 1991, 22A(12): 2969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Park S., Kim D.K., Lee S., Ryu H.J., and Hong S.H., Dynamic deformation behavior of an oxide-dispersed tungsten heavy alloy fabricated by mechanical alloying, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, 32(8): 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lee K.H., Cha S.I., Ryu H.J., and Hong S.H., Effect of two-stage sintering process on microstructure and mechanical properties of ODS tungsten heavy alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, 458(1–2): 323.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Upadhyaya A., Tiwari S.K., and Mishra P., Microwave sintering of W-Ni-Fe alloy, Scr. Mater., 2007, 56(1): 5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Prabhu G., Chakraborty A., and Sarma B., Microwave sintering of tungsten, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2009, 27(3): 545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Li X.Q., Xin H.W., Hu K., and Li Y.Y, Microstructure and properties of ultra-fine tungsten heavy alloys prepared by mechanical alloying and electric current activated sintering, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2010, 20(3): 443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Li Y.Y., Li, X.Q., Long Y., Xia W., Zhu M., and Chen W.P., Fabrication of iron-base alloy by spark plasma sintering, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2006, 22(2): 257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Vanmeensel K., Laptev A., Hennicke J., Vleugels J., and VanderBiest O., Modelling of the temperature distribution during field assisted sintering, Acta Mater., 2005, 53(16): 4379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kim J.C., and Moon I.H., Sintering of nanosturcutured W-Cu alloys prepared by mechanical alloying, Nanostr. Mater., 1998, 10(2): 283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ryu S.S., Kim Y.D., and Moon I.H., Dilatometric analysis on the sintering behavior of nanocrystalline W-Cu prepared by mechanical alloying, J. Alloy. Compd., 2002, 335: 233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Song X.Y., Liu X.M., and Zhang J.X, Neck formation and self-adjusting mechanism of neck growth of conducting powders in spark plasma sintering, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2006, 89(2): 494.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Dore F., Martin C.L., and Allibert C.H., Apparent viscosity of W-Cu powder compacts during sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, 383(2): 390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Fan J.L., Huang B.Y., Qu X.H., and Zou Z.Q, Thermal stability, grain growth and structure changes of mechanically alloyed W-Ni-Fe composite during annealing, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2001, 19(2): 73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Akhtar F., An investigation on the solid states sintering of mechanically alloyed nano-structured 90W-Ni-Fe tungsten heavy alloy, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2008, 26(3): 145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ryu H.J., Hong S.H., and Baek W.H., Microstructure and mechanical properties of mechanically alloyed and solid-state sintered tungsten heavy alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, 291(1–2): 91.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Maneshian M.H., and Simchi A., Solid state and liquid phase sintering of mechanically activated W-20 wt.%Cu powder mixture, J. Alloy. Compd., 2008, 463(1–2): 153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Suryanarayana C., Mechanical alloying and milling, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2001, 46(1–2): 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhang D.L., Processing of advanced materials using high-energy mechanical milling, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2004, 49: 537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kim J.C., Ryu S.S., Kim Y.D., and Moon I.H., Densification behavior of mechanically alloyed W-Cu composite powders by the double rearrangement process, Scr. Mater., 1998, 39(6): 669.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hong S.H., Kim B.K., and Munir Z.A., Synthesis and consolidation of nanostructured W-10-40 wt.%Cu powders, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 405(1–2): 325.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Groza J.R., Nanosintering, Nanostr. Mater., 1999, 12(5–8): 987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Metallic Materials Net-Shape Forming Engineering Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Ke Hu, Xiaoqiang Li, Donghai Zheng & Yuanyuan Li

Authors
  1. Ke Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaoqiang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Donghai Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yuanyuan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaoqiang Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hu, K., Li, X., Zheng, D. et al. SPS densification behavior of W-5.6Ni-1.4Fe heavy alloy powders. Rare Metals 30 (Suppl 1), 581–587 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-011-0351-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-011-0351-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation