Abstract
The chemistry of the groundwater of north coastal part of Odisha is primarily controlled by weathering of minerals present in basement rocks superimposed by anthropogenic activities and sea water intrusion. The water is hard and alkaline in nature, but most of the constituent ions excluding F- are within permissible limits for human consumption. Four factors satisfying over 86% of the total variance and three clusters corresponding to geogenic, alkaline and anthropogenic processes have been identified. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, F−, CO32− and HCO3− are geogenic, contributed by the basement rocks and soils. Cl−, SO4− and NO3− are anthropogenic, derived from haphazard household waste disposal, overflows of septic tanks, return flow from irrigation, animal wastes, manures, soil conditioners and chemical fertilizers. K+ and F− belong to both the categories while Na− and Cl− are contributed by saline intrusion to some extent. The pH, total alkalinity and F− represent alkaline component, while HCO3− is derived from weathering of minerals and influence of atmospheric CO2. Change of groundwater types from Ca-HCO3 (fresh water) → Ca-Mg-Cl → Na-Cl (saline water) as well as increase of total dissolved solids in seaward direction indicates the effect of seawater intrusion in the study area. Sympathetic relationship of F” with total alkalinity, pH and Na+ as well as negative correlation with Ca2+ suggest the prevalence of alkaline environment that favors dissolution of fluoride minerals of the basement rocks. It is suggested to minimize the anthropogenic activities like haphazard waste disposal and excessive use of agrochemicals, adopt artificial recharge measures, take up regular groundwater quality check and aware the public for proper management of groundwater resource in the study area.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Mr. Prakash Chandra Maharana and Mr. Nirmal Kumar Nanda of Central Ground Water Board, Central Region, Nagpur for their help in computation of saturation indices. The authors thankfully acknowledge the constructive suggestions of the reviewers of the journal that immensely improved the quality of the paper.
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Utsav Das, M.Phil., is currently working as a faculty in M.P.C. Autonomous college, Baripada. He did the field work, collected groundwater samples and analysed in the laboratory of the Geology Department, Fakir Mohan University.
Rosalin Das, Ph.D., is currently Associate Professor and Head of the Geology Department of Fakir Mohan University. She selected the research topic, study area and groundwater sampling sites. She guided Mr. Utsav Das in laboratory work, read the draft manuscript and gave valuable suggestions.
Soumya Ranjan Hota obtained his Ph. D. degree in Geology from Sambalpur University. He is working in the capacity of Deputy Manager (Geology) in Geo Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar. His areas of interest are Groundwater, Mine Planning and Environmental Geology.
Rabindra Nath Hota, Ph.D., D.Sc. has superannuated as a Professor of Geology from Utkal University, Bhubaneswar in 2020 and currently working as Adjunct Professor of Geology in Fakir Mohan University, Balasore. His research interests are Geostatistics, Sedimentology and Groundwater.
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Das, U., Hota, S.R., Das, R. et al. Statistical and Geochemical Evaluation of Fluoride-rich Groundwater from North Coastal Part of Odisha. J Geol Soc India 99, 1705–1715 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2526-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2526-3