Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Plant Pathogens which Threaten Food Security: Viruses of Chickpea and Other Cool Season Legumes in West Asia and North Africa

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Food Security Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

West Asia and North Africa (WANA) and the Indian sub-continent are regions of major production of chickpea, faba bean and lentil, where these crops represent a major source of protein in the diet of the population. These crops are attacked by a large number of viruses, the most economically important among them being which cause stunting and yellowing symptoms together with poor or no pod setting. Our knowledge of the identity of these viruses improved significantly over the past three decades because of the advances in molecular diagnostics. At present, there are 12 viruses in chickpea and 6 in faba bean that are insect transmitted in the persistent manner, cause stunting and yellowing symptoms, and the number is increasing. Virus disease management involving a combination of control measures is the best practical strategy to reduce virus disease levels, and consequently increase productivity of grain legume crops. Research that leads to the design of most appropriate control strategies is needed for each grain legume producing region in WANA countries and within each country.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abraham, A., Makkouk, K. M., Gorfu, D., Lencho, A. G., Ali, K., Tadessi, N. A., Yusuf, A., & Lencho, A. (2000). Survey of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) virus diseases in Ethiopia. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 39, 277–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abraham, A., Menzel, W., & Lesemann, D.–E, Varrelmann, M. and Vetten, H. (2006). Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus: a new polerovirus infecting cool season legumes in Ethiopia. Phytopathology, 96, 437–446.

  • Abraham, A. D., Bencharki, B., Torok, V., Katul, L., Varrelmann, M., & Vetten, H. J. (2010). Two distinct nanovirus species infecting faba bean in Morocco. Archives of Virology, 155, 37–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham, A. D., Varrelmann, M., & Vetten, H. J. (2012). Three distinct nanoviruses, one of which represents a new species, infect faba bean in Ethiopia. Plant Disease, 96, 1045–1053.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asaad, N. Y., Kumari, S. G., Kassem, A. H., Shalaby, A., Al-Chaabi, S., & Malhotra, R. S. (2009). Detection and characterization of Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus in Syria. Journal of Phytopathology, 157, 756–761.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayaa, B., Kumari, S. G., Akkaya, A., Erskine, W., Makkouk, K. M., Turk, Z., & Ozberk, I. (1998). Survey of major biotic stresses of lentil in South-East Anatolia, Turkey. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 37, 88–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekele, B., Kumari, S. G., Ali, K., Yusuf, A., Makkouk, K. M., Aslake, M., Ayalew, M., Girma, G., & Hailu, D. (2005). Survey for viruses affecting legume crops in Amhara and Oromia Regions in Ethiopia. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 44, 235–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bos, L., Hampton, R. O., & Makkouk, K. M. (1988). Viruses and virus diseases of pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea. In R. J. Summerfield (Ed.), World Crops: Cool Season Food Legumes (pp. 591–615). Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • El-Muadhidi, M. A., Makkouk, K. M., Kumari, S. G., Jerjess, M., Murad, S. S., Mustafa, R. R., & Tarik, F. (2001). Survey for legume and cereal viruses in Iraq. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 40(3), 224–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortass, M., & Bos, L. (1991). Survey of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for viruses in Morocco. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 97, 369–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franz, A., Makkouk, K. M., Katul, L., & Vetten, H. J. (1996). Monoclonal antibodies for the detection and differentiation of faba bean necrotic yellows virus isolates. Annals of Applied Biology, 128, 255–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamed, A. A., & Makkouk, K. M. (2002). Occurrence and management of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus in chickpea fields in northern Sudan. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 41, 193–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, N. M., Makkouk, K. M., Kumari, S. G., Van den Heuvel, J. F. J. M., & Reddy, D. V. R. (1995). Survey of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for chickpea stunt disease and associated viruses in Syria, Turkey and Lebanon. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 34, 192–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. A. C. (2004). Using epidemiological information to develop effective integrated virus disease management strategies. Virus Research, 100, 5–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanakala, S., & Kuria, P. (2019). Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus: An Emerging Monopartite Dicot Infecting Mastrevirus. Viruses, 11, 5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katul, L., Vetten, H. J., Maiss, E., Makkouk, K. M., Lesemann, D. E., & Casper, R. (1993). Characteristics and serology of virus-like particles associated with faba bean necrotic yellows. Annals of Applied Biology, 123, 629–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katul, L., Vetten, H. J., Lesemann, D. E., & Maiss and Makkouk, K.M. (1995). Diagnostic methods for the detection of faba bean necrotic yellows virus, a circular ssDNA virus. EPPO Bulletin, 25, 329–336.

  • Kraberger, S., Harkins, G. W., Kumari, S. G., Thomas, J. E., Schwinghammer, M. W., Sharman, M., Collings, D. A., Briddon, R. W., Martin, D. P., & Varsani, A. (2013). Evidence that dicot-infecting mastreviruses are particularly prone to inter-species recombination and have likely been circulating in Australia for longer than in Africa and the Middle East. Virology, 444, 282–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraberger, S., Kumari, S. G., Hamed, A. A., Gronenborn, B., Thomas, J. E., Sharman, M., Harkins, G. W., Muhire, B. M., Martin, D. P., & Varsani, A. (2015). Molecular diversity of chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus in Sudan: High rates of intra-species recombination—a driving force in the emergence of new strains. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 29, 203–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraberger, S., Kumari, S. G., Najar, A., Stampton, D., Martin, D. P., & Varsani, A. (2018). Molecular characterization of faba bean necrotic yellows viruses in Tunisia. Archives of Virology, 163, 687–694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, L., Kumari, S. G., & Waliyar, F. (2008). Virus diseases of chickpea. Chapter 18. In G. P. Rao, P. L. Kumar, & R. J. Holguin-Perla (Eds.), Characterization, Diagnosis and Management of Plant Viruses: Vegetable and Pulse Crops (pp. 213–234). Texas, USA: Studium Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumari, S. G., & Makkouk, K. M. (2007). Virus diseases of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Asia and Africa. Plant Viruses, 1(1), 93–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumari, S.G., Makkouk, K., Asaad, N., Attar, N. and Hlaing Loh, M. (2007). Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus affecting cool-season food legumes in West Asia and North Africa. Page 157. In: Abstract book of 10th International Plant Virus Epidemiology Symposium, on the theme “Controlling Epidemics of Emerging and Established Plant Virus Diseases - The Way Forward”, 15-19 October 2007, Hyderabad, India. 209 pp.

  • Kumari, S. G., Makkouk, K. M., Loh, M., Negassi, K., Tsegay, S., Kidane, R., Kibret, A., & Tesfatsion, Y. (2008). Viral diseases affecting chickpea crop in Eritrea. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 47, 42–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari, S.G., Attar, N., Vetten, H.J. & van Leur, J. (2009a). Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus, an important virus of cool-season legumes in Asia and North Africa and potentially in Australia. Abstract book of 17th Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference, 29 September - 1 October 2009, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

  • Kumari, S. G., Larsen, R., Makkouk, K. M., & Bashir, M. (2009b). Virus Diseases of Lentil and Their Control. In W. Erskine, F. J. Muehlbauer, A. Sarker, & B. Sharma (Eds.), The Lentil: Botany, Production and Uses (pp. 306–325). UK: CABI 457 pp.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari, S. G., Moukahel, A. R., Hamed, A. A., & Sharman, M. (2018). First report of Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus affecting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Sudan. Plant Disease, 102, 2048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari, S. G., Sharman, M., Moukahel, A. R., Ziyaev, Z., & Ahmed, S. (2020). First report of Cotton leafroll dwarf virus affecting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Uzbekistan. Plant Disease (submitted).

  • Makkouk, K. M., & Kumari, S. G. (2009). Epidemiology and integrated management of persistently transmitted aphid-borne viruses of legume and cereal crops in West Asia and North Africa. Virus Research, 141, 209–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., Kumari, S. G., & Al-Daoud, R. (1992). Survey of viruses affecting lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) in Syria. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 31, 188–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., Rizkallah, L., Madkour, M., El-Sherbeiny, M., Kumari, S. G., Amriti, A. W., & Solh, M. B. (1994). Survey of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for viruses in Egypt. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 33, 207–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., Dafalla, G., Hussein, M., & Kumari, S. G. (1995). The natural occurrence of chickpea chlorotic dwarf geminivirus in chickpea and faba bean in the Sudan. Journal of Phytopathology, 143, 465–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., Bahamish, H. S., Kumari, S. G., & Lotf, A. (1998). Major viruses affecting faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Yemen. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 16, 98–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., Rizkallah, L., Mahmoud, S., & Mamdouh, O. (2000). Clipping the wings that carry a serious virus. ICARDA Caravan, 12, 10–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., Bashir, M., Jones, R. A. C., & Kumari, S. G. (2001a). Survey for viruses in lentil and chickpea crops in Pakistan. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 108, 258–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., El-Muadhidi, M. A., & Kumari, S. G. (2001b). First record of beet western yellows, chickpea chlorotic dwarf and faba bean necrotic yellows viruses affecting faba bean (Vicia faba L.) crops in Iraq. Plant Pathology, 50(6), 793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., Kumari, S. G., Shahraeen, N., Fazlali, Y., Farzadfar, S., Ghotbi, T., & Mansouri, A. R. (2003). Identification and seasonal variation of viral diseases of chickpea and lentil in Iran. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 110, 157–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K., Papu, H., & Kumari, S. (2012). Pea, bean and faba bean viruses Bean leafroll virus in the Mediterranean region. Advances in Virus Research, 84, 367–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makkouk, K. M., Kumari, S. G., van Leur, J. A. G., & Jones, R. A. C. (2014). Control of plant virus diseases in cool-season grain legume crops. Advances in Virus Research, 90, 207–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mumtaz, H., Kumari, S. G., Mansoor, S., Martin, D. P., & Briddon, R. W. (2011). Analyses of the sequence of a dicot-infecting Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae) originating from Syria. Virus Genes, 42, 422–428.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Najar, A., Makkouk, K. M., Boudhir, H., Kumari, S. G., Zarouk, R., Bessai, R., & Ben Othman, F. (2000). Viral diseases of cultivated legume and cereal crops in Tunisia. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 39, 423–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Najar, A., Kumari, S. G., Attar, N., & Lababidi, S. (2011). Present status of some virus diseases affecting legume crops in Tunisia and partial characterization of Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50, 310–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadesse, N., Ali, K., Gorfu, D., Abraham, A., Lencho, A., Ayalew, M., Yusuf, A., Makkouk, K. M., & Kumari, S. G. (1999). Survey for chickpea and lentil virus diseases in Ethiopia. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 38, 149–158.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Sincere thanks goes to my colleague Dr. Safaa Kumari, ICARDA virologist, for providing all the figures shown in this article and for reviewing the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Beirut, Lebanon

    Khaled M. Makkouk

Authors
  1. Khaled M. Makkouk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Khaled M. Makkouk.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(MSG 1846 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Makkouk, K.M. Plant Pathogens which Threaten Food Security: Viruses of Chickpea and Other Cool Season Legumes in West Asia and North Africa. Food Sec. 12, 495–502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01017-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01017-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation