Abstract
The micromechanical methods, among which optical trapping and atomic force microscopy have a special place, are widespread currently in biology to study molecular interactions between different biological objects. Optical trapping is reported to be quite applicable to study the mechanical properties of surface structures onto bacterial (pili and flagella) and eukaryotic (filopodia) cells. The review briefly summarizes the physical basis of optical trapping, as well as the principles of calculating the van der Waals, electrostatic, and donor-acceptor forces when two microparticles or a microparticle and a flat surface are used. Three main types of model systems (abiotic, biotic, and mixed) used in trapping experiments are described, and the peculiarities of manipulation with living (bacteria, fungal spores, etc.) and non-spherical objects (e.g., rod-shaped bacteria) are summarized.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen S, Chen X, Davies J, Davies MC, Dawkes AC, Edwards JC, Roberts CJ, Sefton J, Tendler SJ, Williams PM (1997) Detection of antigen-antibody binding events with the atomic force microscope. Biochemistry 36:7457–7463. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi962531z
Almaas E, Brevik I (1995) Radiation forces on a micrometer-sized sphere in an evanescent field. J Opt Soc Am B 12:2429–2438. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.12.002429
Ashkin A (1970) Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure. Phys Rev Lett 24:156–159. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.156
Ashkin A (1992) Forces of a single-beam gradient laser trap on a dielectric sphere in the ray optics regime. Biophys J 61:569–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81860-X
Ashkin A, Dziedzic JM, Bjorkholm JE, Chu S (1986) Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles. Opt Lett 11:288–290. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.11.000288
Badihi Hauslich L, Sela MN, Steinberg D, Rosen G, Kohavi D (2013) The adhesion of oral bacteria to modified titanium surfaces: role of plasma proteins and electrostatic forces. Clin Oral Implants Res 100(Suppl A):49–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02364.x
Bahadoran M, Noorden AF, Chaudhary K, Mohajer FS, Aziz MS, Hashim S, Ali J, Yupapin P (2014) Modeling and analysis of a microresonating biosensor for detection of Salmonella bacteria in human blood. Sensors (Basel) 14:12885–12899. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140712885
Bain J, Gow NA, Erwig LP (2015) Novel insights into host-fungal pathogen interactions derived from live-cell imaging. Semin Immunopathol 37:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-014-0463-3
Becke TD, Ness S, Sudhop S, Gaub HE, Hilleringmann M, Schilling AF, Clausen-Schaumann H (2018) Covalent immobilization of proteins for the single molecule force spectroscopy. J Vis Exp 138:58167. https://doi.org/10.3791/58167
Berne C, Ducret A, Hardy GG, Brun YV (2015) Adhesins involved in attachment to abiotic surfaces by Gram-negative bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 3. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0018-2015
Bhushan B (2008) Nanotribology and nanomechanics: an introduction. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin
Björnham O, Bugaytsova J, Borén T, Schedin S (2009) Dynamic force spectroscopy of the Helicobacter pylori BabA-Lewis b binding. Biophys Chem 143:102–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2009.03.007
Boyer RR, Sumner SS, Williams RC, Kniel KE, McKinney JM (2011) Role of O-antigen on the Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells hydrophobicity, charge and ability to attach to lettuce. Int J Food Microbiol 147:228–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.016
Brenner C, Winet H (1977) Fluid mechanics of propulsion by cilia and flagella. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 9:339–398. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.09.010177.002011
Burgos-Bravo F, Figueroa NL, Casanova-Morales N, Quest AFG, Wilson CAM, Leyton L (2018) Single-molecule measurements of the effect of force on Thy-1/αvβ3-integrin interaction using nonpurified proteins. Mol Biol Cell 29:326–338. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E17-03-0133.
Castelain M, Duviau MP, Canette A, Schmitz P, Loubière P, Cocaign-Bousquet M, Piard JC, Mercier-Bonin M (2016) The nanomechanical properties of Lactococcus lactis pili are conditioned by the polymerized backbone pilin. PLoS One 11(3):e0152053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152053
Chang YR, Hsu L, Chi S (2006) Optical trapping of a spherically symmetric sphere in the ray-optics regime: a model for optical tweezers upon cells. Appl Opt 45:3885–3892. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.45.003885
Chen G, Zhu H (2004) Bacterial deposition in porous medium as impacted by solution chemistry. Res Microbiol 155:467–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2004.02.004
Choudhary D, Mossa A, Jadhav M, Cecconi C (2019) Bio-molecular applications of recent developments in optical tweezers. Biomolecules 9:23. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9010023
Chuartzman SG, Nevo R, Waichman S, Shental D, Piehler J, Levy Y, Reich Z, Kapon R (2017) Binding of interferon reduces the force of unfolding for interferon receptor 1. PLoS One 12:e0175413. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175413
Crick AJ, Theron M, Tiffert T, Lew VL, Cicuta P, Rayner JC (2014) Quantitation of malaria parasite-erythrocyte cell-cell interactions using optical tweezers. Biophys J 107:846–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.010
De Gennes PG (1987) Polymers at an interface: a simplified view. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 27:189–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(87)85003-0
Docoslis AA, Giese RF (2000) Influence of water-air interface on the apparent surface tension of aqueous solutions of hydrophilic solutes. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 19:147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(00)00137-5
El-Kirat-Chatel S, Dufrêne YF (2012) Nanoscale imaging of the Candida–macrophage interaction using correlated fluorescence-atomic force microscopy. ACS Nano 6:10792–10799
Essiambre RJ (2021) Arthur Ashkin: father of the optical tweezers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118:e2026827118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026827118
Farley MM, Shafer WM, Spitznagel JK (1988) Lipopolysaccharide structure determines ionic and hydrophobic binding of a cationic antimicrobial neutrophil granule protein. Infect Immun 56:1589–1592. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.56.6.1589-1592.1988
Fedosov DA, Caswell B, Suresh S, Karniadakis GE (2011) Quantifying the biophysical characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized red blood cells in microcirculation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:35–39. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009492108
Feynman R, Leighton RB, Sand ML (1963) Field energy and field momentum (Chapter 27). In: The Feynman lectures on physics, 6th edn. Reading, Mass, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Boston
Fletcher M, Bright JJ, Pringle JH (1983) Attachment of aquatic bacteria to solid surfaces. In: Bryers RW, Cole SS (eds) Fouling of Heat Exchanger Surfaces. Engineering Foundation, New York, pp 33–49
Florin EL, Moy VT, Gaub HE (1994) Adhesion forces between individual ligand-receptor pairs. Science 264:415–417. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8153628
Formosa-Dague C, Castelain M, Martin-Yken H, Dunker K, Dague E, Sletmoen M (2018) The role of glycans in bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces: how can single-molecule techniques advance our understanding? Microorganisms 6:39. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6020039
Guimarães AJ, de Cerqueira MD, Zamith-Miranda D, Lopez PH, Rodrigues ML, Pontes B, Viana NB, DeLeon-Rodriguez CM, Rossi DCP, Casadevall A, Gomes AMO, Martinez LR, Schnaar RL, Nosanchuk JD, Nimrichter L (2019) Host membrane glycosphingolipids and lipid microdomains facilitate Histoplasma capsulatum internalisation by macrophages. Cell Microbiol 21:e12976. https://doi.org/10.1111/cmi.12976
Haiko J, Westerlund-Wikström B (2013) The role of the bacterial flagellum in adhesion and virulence. Biology (Basel) 2:1242–1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2041242
Håti AG, Aachmann FL, Stokke BT, Skjåk-Bræk G, Sletmoen M (2015) Energy landscape of alginate-epimerase interactions assessed by optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy. PLoS One 10:e0141237. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141237
He C, Li S, Gao X, Xiao A, Hu C, Hu X, Hu X, Li H (2019) Direct observation of the fast and robust folding of a slipknotted protein by optical tweezers. Nanoscale 11:3945–3951. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr10070e
Hinterdorfer P, Baumgartner W, Gruber HJ, Schilcher K, Schindler H (1996) Detection and localization of individual antibody-antigen recognition events by atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:3477–3481. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.8.3477
Israelashvili JN (2011a) Van der Waals forces between particles and surfaces (Chapter 13). In: Intermolecular and surface forces, 3rd edn. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 253–289
Israelashvili JN (2011b) Solvation, structural, and hydration forces (Chapter 15). In: Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 3rd edn. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 341–380
Jass J, Schedin S, Fällman E, Ohlsson J, Nilsson UJ, Uhlin BE, Axner O (2004) Physical properties of Escherichia coli P pili measured by optical tweezers. Biophys J 87:4271–4283. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.104.044867
Jing L (2018) Controlled mechanical motions of microparticles in optical tweezers. Micromachines 9:e232. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9050232
Junker JP, Rief M (2009) Single-molecule force spectroscopy distinguishes target binding modes of calmodulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:14361–14366. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904654106
Keller N, del Toro DJ, Smith DE (2018) Single-molecule measurements of motor-driven viral DNA packaging in bacteriophages Phi29, Lambda, and T4 with optical tweezers. Methods Mol Biol 2018:393–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8556-2_20
King JD, Vinogradov E, Preston A, Li J, Maskell DJ (2009) Post-assembly modification of Bordetella bronchiseptica O polysaccharide by a novel periplasmic enzyme encoded by wbmE. J Biol Chem 284:1474–1483. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M807729200
Kline KA, Fälker S, Dahlberg S, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B (2009) Bacterial adhesins in host-microbe interactions. Cell Host Microbe 5:580–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2009.05.011
Knirel YA, Bystrova OV, Kocharova NA, Zähringer U, Pier GB (2006) Conserved and variable structural features in the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Endotoxin Res 12:324–336. https://doi.org/10.1179/096805106X118906
Konyshev I, Byvalov A, Ananchenko B, Fakhrullin R, Danilushkina A, Dudina L (2020) Force interactions between Yersiniae lipopolysaccharides and monoclonal antibodies: an optical tweezers study. J Biomech 99:109504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109504
Lee GU, Kidwell DA, Colton RJ (1994) Sensing discrete streptavidin-biotin interactions with atomic force microscopy. Langmuir 10:354–357. https://doi.org/10.1021/la00014a003
Li W, Xu J, Kou X, Zhao R, Zhou W, Fang X (2018) Single-molecule force spectroscopy study of interactions between angiotensin II type 1 receptor and different biased ligands in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 410:3275–3284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-0956-3
Liang MN, Smith SP, Metallo SJ, Choi IS, Prentiss M, Whitesides GM (2000) Measuring the forces involved in polyvalent adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to mannose-presenting surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:13092–13096. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.230451697
Lim CS, Wen C, Sheng Y, Wang G, Zhou Z, Wang S, Zhang H, Ye A, Zhu JJ (2017) Piconewton-scale analysis of Ras-BRaf signal transduction with single-molecule force spectroscopy. Small 13:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701972
Liu Y, Zhao Q (2005) Influence of surface energy of modified surfaces on bacterial adhesion. Biophysical Chemistry 117:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2005.04.015
Liu J, Zhang C, Zong Y, Guo H, Li Z-Y (2015) Ray-optics model for optical force and torque on a spherical metal-coated Janus microparticle. Photon Res 3:265–274. https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.3.000265
Maier B, Potter L, So M, Long CD, Seifert HS, Sheetz MP (2003) Single pilus motor forces exceed 100 pN. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:16012–16017. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.242523299
Marshall KC, Stout R, Mitchell R (1971) Mechanism of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces. J Gen Microbiol 68:337–348. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-68-3-337
Mártonfalvi Z, Bianco P, Naftz K, Ferenczy GG, Kellermayer M (2017) Force generation by titin folding. Protein Sci 26:1380–1390. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3117
Mashaghi A, Mashaghi S, Tans SJ (2014) Misfolding of luciferase at the single-molecule level. Angew Chem Int Ed Eng 53:10390–10393. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201405566
McNerney GP, Hübner W, Chen BK, Huser T (2010) Manipulating CD4+ T cells by optical tweezers for the initiation of cell-cell transfer of HIV-1. J Biophotonics 3:216–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.200900102
Merkel R, Nassoy P, Leung A, Ritchie K, Evans E (1999) Energy landscapes of receptor-ligand bonds explored with dynamic force spectroscopy. Nature 397:50–53
Milles LF, Schulten K, Gaub HE, Bernardi RC (2018) Molecular mechanism of extreme mechanostability in a pathogen adhesin. Science 359:1527–1533. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2094
Morgan AB, Wilkie CA (2007) Flame retardant polymer nanocomposites. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken
Moy VT, Florin EL, Gaub HE (1994) Intermolecular forces and energies between ligands and receptors. Science 266:257–259. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7939660
Neuman KC, Block SM (2004) Optical trapping. Rev Sci Instrum 75:2787–2809. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1785844
Neumann AK, Jacobson K (2010) A novel pseudopodial component of the dendritic cell anti-fungal response: the fungipod. PLoS Pathog 6:e1000760. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000760
Neves AAR, Cesar CL (2019) Analytical calculation of optical forces on spherical particles in optical tweezers: tutorial. J Opt Soc Am B 36:1525–1537. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.36.001525
Oliveira R (1997) Understanding adhesion: a means for preventing fouling. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 14:316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-1777(96)00134-3
Peñaherrera A (2015) Mechanical matching between a ligand and receptor. Faraday Discuss 184:71–84. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00106d
Rajagopalan R, Kim JS (1981) Adsorption of Brownian particles in the presence of potential barriers: effects of different modes of double layer interaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 83:428–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(81)90339-8
Reck-Peterson SL, Yildiz A, Carter AP, Gennerich A, Zhang N, Vale RD (2006) Single-molecule analysis of dynein processivity and stepping behavior. Cell 126:335–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.046
Rutter PR (1980) The physical chemistry of the adhesion of bacteria and other cells. In: Curtis ASG, Pitts JD (eds) Cell Adhesion and Motillity. Cambridge University Press, London, pp 103–135
Salandrino A, Fardad S, Christodoulides DN (2012) Generalized Mie theory of optical forces. J Opt Soc Am B 29:855–866. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.29.000855
Schimert KI, Cheng W (2018) A method for tethering single viral particles for virus-cell interaction studies with optical tweezers. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 10723:107233B. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2500050
Schoeler C, Bernardi RC, Malinowska KH, Durner E, Ott W, Bayer EA, Schulten K, Nash MA, Gaub HE (2015) Mapping mechanical force propagation through biomolecular complexes. Nano Lett 15:7370–7376. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02727
Sedlak SM, Schendel LC, Melo MCR, Pippig DA, Luthey-Schulten Z, Gaub HE, Bernardi RC (2019) Direction matters: monovalent streptavidin/biotin complex under load. Nano Lett 19:3415–3421. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04045
Sieben C, Kappel C, Zhu R, Wozniak A, Rankl C, Hinterdorfer P, Grubmüller H, Herrmann A (2012) Influenza virus binds its host cell using multiple dynamic interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:13626–13631. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1120265109
Simpson KH, Bowden G, Höök M, Anvari B (2003) Measurement of adhesive forces between individual Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMMs and protein-coated surfaces by use of optical tweezers. J Bacteriol 185:2031–2035. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.6.2031-2035.2003
Sinjab F, Elsheikha HM, Dooley M, Notingher I (2020) Induction and measurement of the early stage of a host-parasite interaction using a combined optical trapping and Raman microspectroscopy system. J Biophotonics 13:e201960065. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201960065
Smith DE, Tans SJ, Smith SB, Grimes S, Anderson DL, Bustamante C (2001) The bacteriophage straight phi29 portal motor can package DNA against a large internal force. Nature 413:748–752. https://doi.org/10.1038/35099581
Smith DE, Dhinojwala A, Moore FB (2019) Effect of substrate and bacterial zeta potential on adhesion of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Langmuir 35:7035–7042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03920
Squeglia F, Ruggiero A, De Simone A, Berisio R (2018) A structural overview of mycobacterial adhesins: key biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics. Protein Sci 27:369–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3346
Stangner T, Wagner C, Singer D, Angioletti-Uberti S, Gutsche C, Dzubiella J, Hoffmann R, Kremer F (2013) Determining the specificity of monoclonal antibody HPT-101 to Tau-peptides with optical tweezers. ACS Nano 7:11388–11396. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405303
Stout AL (2001) Detection and characterization of individual intermolecular bonds using optical tweezers. Biophys J 80:2976–2986. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(01)76263-7
Sun Q (2017) The physical origin of hydrophobic effects. Chem Phys Lett 672:21–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2017.01.057
Svoboda K, Block SM (1994a) Biological applications of optical forces. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 23:247–285. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.23.060194.001335
Svoboda K, Block SM (1994b) Force and velocity measured for single kinesin molecules. Cell 77:773–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(94)90060-4
Swoboda JG, Campbell J, Meredith TC, Walker S (2010) Wall teichoic acid function, biosynthesis, and inhibition. Chembiochem 11:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200900557
Tam JM, Castro CE, Heath RJ, Cardenas ML, Xavier RJ, Lang MJ, Vyas JM (2010) Control and manipulation of pathogens with an optical trap for live cell imaging of intercellular interactions. PLoS One 5:e15215. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015215
Tam JM, Castro CE, Heath RJ, Mansour MK, Cardenas ML, Xavier RJ, Lang MJ, Vyas JM (2011) Use of an optical trap for study of host-pathogen interactions for dynamic live cell imaging. J Vis Exp 53:3123. https://doi.org/10.3791/3123
Tanaka A, Nakane D, Mizutani M, Nishizaka T, Miyata M (2016) Directed binding of gliding bacterium, Mycoplasma mobile, shown by detachment force and bond lifetime. mBio 7:e00455-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00455-16
Thwala JM, Li M, Wong MC, Kang S, Hoek EM, Mamba BB (2013) Bacteria-polymeric membrane interactions: atomic force microscopy and XDLVO predictions. Langmuir 29:13773–13782. https://doi.org/10.1021/la402749y
Valkenburg JA, Woldringh CL (1984) Phase separation between nucleoid and cytoplasm in Escherichia coli as defined by immersive refractometry. J Bacteriol 160(3):1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.160.3.1151-1157.1984
Valotteau C, Prystopiuk V, Pietrocola G, Rindi S, Peterle D, De Filippis V, Foster TJ, Speziale P, Dufrêne YF (2017) Single-cell and single-molecule analysis unravels the multifunctionality of the Staphylococcus aureus collagen-binding protein Cna. ACS Nano 11:2160–2170. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b08404
Van Oss CJ (1994) Interfacial forces in aqueous media. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Vieira MJ, Oliveira R, Melo L, Pinheiro MM, Martins V (1993) Effect of metallic ions on the adhesion of biofilms formed by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 1:119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7765(93)80042-W
Vinckier A, Gervasoni P, Zaugg F, Ziegler U, Lindner P, Groscurth P, Plückthun A, Semenza G (1998) Atomic force microscopy detects changes in the interaction forces between GroEL and substrate proteins. Biophys J 74:3256–3263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)78032-4
Vitry P, Valotteau C, Feuillie C, Bernard S, Alsteens D, Geoghegan JA, Dufrêne YF (2017) Force-induced strengthening of the interaction between Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor B and loricrin. mBio 8:e01748-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01748-17
Walker SL, Redman JA, Elimelech M (2004) Role of cell surface lipopolysaccharides in Escherichia coli K12 adhesion and transport. Langmuir 20:7736–7746. https://doi.org/10.1021/la049511f
Wang MD, Schnitzer MJ, Yin H, Landick R, Gelles J, Block SM (1998) Force and velocity measured for single molecules of RNA polymerase. Science 282:902–907. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5390.902
Wang Z, Wang J, Ren G, Li Y, Wang X (2015) Influence of core oligosaccharide of lipopolysaccharide to outer membrane behavior of Escherichia coli. Mar Drugs 13:3325–3339. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13063325
Willemsen OH, Snel MM, van der Werf KO, de Grooth BG, Greve J, Hinterdorfer P, Gruber HJ, Schindler H, van Kooyk Y, Figdor CG (1998) Simultaneous height and adhesion imaging of antibody-antigen interactions by atomic force microscopy. Biophys J 75:2220–2228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77666-0
Xu Zhou K, Li N, Christie G, Wilson DI (2017) Assessing the impact of germination and sporulation conditions on the adhesion of Bacillus spores to glass and stainless steel by fluid dynamic gauging. J Food Sci 82:2614–2625. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13940
Yip CM, Yip CC, Ward MD (1998) Direct force measurements of insulin monomer-monomer interactions. Biochemistry 37:5439–5449. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi9722756
Zemánek P, Jonás A, Liska M (2002) Simplified description of optical forces acting on a nanoparticle in the Gaussian standing wave. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 19:1025–1034. https://doi.org/10.1364/josaa.19.001025
Zhou ZL, Tang B, Ngan AHV, Dong ZN, Wu YS (2012) Hepatitis B surface antigen–antibody interactions studied by optical tweezers. IET Nanobiotechnol 6:9–15. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-nbt.2010.0023
Ziegler F, Lim NC, Mandal SS, Pelz B, Ng WP, Schlierf M, Jackson SE, Rief M (2016) Knotting and unknotting of a protein in single molecule experiments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:7533–7538. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600614113
Availability of data and material
Not applicable
Code availability
Not applicable
Funding
This work was supported by the grant from the President of the Russian Federation for state support of Russian Candidates of Science (No. MK-3383.2021.1.4).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Physical basis of optical trapping and calculation of the forces were summarized by Ilya Konyshev. Biological applications of laser tweezers were reviewed by Ilya Konyshev and Andrey Byvalov. The vector images were created with the participation of both authors.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Konyshev, I., Byvalov, A. Model systems for optical trapping: the physical basis and biological applications. Biophys Rev 13, 515–529 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-021-00823-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-021-00823-8