Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of 23 mycotoxins in beer purchased in Mexico and to assess two exposure scenarios in the Mexican population through beer consumption. Multi-mycotoxin analysis of a total of 61 different beers (132 samples) was carried out using UHPLC-MS/MS equipment. Probability density functions were used to describe mycotoxins contamination. The daily intake of mycotoxins was estimated using a semi-probabilistic approach, applying the Monte Carlo method. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON)) were the mycotoxins found in higher proportions in contaminated samples. None of the other mycotoxins overpassed the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. The combined intake of DON and its analogues ranged from 5.24 to 86.59 ng kg−1 bw day−1, which represent from 1.20 to 19.83% of the DON TDI. The results suggest that depending on the individual consumption of beer and depending on the type of beer, the intake of DON via beer could represent a significant percentage of the tolerable daily intake (TDI).
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Funding
This work received financial support from the University of Lleida (grant JADE Plus 218/2016), the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Competitiveness (MINECO, Project AGL2014-55379-P) and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) by the scholarship assigned to Wall-Martínez HA.
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Wall-Martínez, H.A., Pascari, X., Ramos, A.J. et al. Frequency and levels of mycotoxins in beer from the Mexican market and exposure estimate for deoxynivalenol mycotoxins. Mycotoxin Res 35, 207–216 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00347-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00347-x