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First record of ponyfishes (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) from the Oligocene of the Grube Unterfeld (“Frauenweiler”) clay pit

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Abstract

The first and presently only record of a ponyfish is described from the Lower Oligocene of the Grube Unterfeld (“Frauenweiler”) clay pit at Rauenberg (S Germany) and compared with other extant and fossil representatives of the Leiognathidae. It differs from all extant (and probably also fossil) members of this family in the coalescence of the ascending and articular processes of the premaxilla and the presence of a straight maxilla with a prominent dorsal crest. It furthermore differs from most extant and probably also fossil Leiognathidae in the combination of the following characters: the presence of multiple-rowed villiform teeth on the oral jaws; the presence of three supraneurals; third and fourth dorsal as well as third anal fin spines that are smooth at their anterior margins; delicate longitudinal surface striations on the neural and haemal spines of the vertebral column as well as on the dorsal and anal fin pterygiophores and on the dorsal, anal and pelvic fin spines; small but not plate-like distal expansions on the dorsal and haemal spines of the fourth preural centrum; the presence of autogenous hypurals; and a squamation that extends anteriorly onto the occipital and otic regions but not onto the cheeks. In terms of its general morphological traits, it resembles Leiognathoides altapinna, a species that has been reported from contemporary localities in Switzerland and Russia, although there are also some deviations that may be indicative of a different species. However, with the available materials, it is difficult to decide whether these differences are of taxonomic significance, so the new record is assigned to the genus Leiognathoides as cf. L. altapinna. The Oligocene specimens from France as well as the Lower Miocene specimens from the Czech Republic clearly belong to different taxa and probably not to the genus Leiognathoides at all. With regard to the palaeoecological and palaeogeographical framework, the new record indicates a tropical to subtropical climate and a waterway connection with the eastern Paratethys.

Kurzfassung

Der erste und bislang einzige Fund eines Schlupfmauls aus dem Unter-Oligozän der Tongrube Unterfeld („Frauenweiler“) bei Rauenberg (Süddeutschland) wird beschrieben und mit anderen rezenten und fossilen Vertretern der Leiognathidae verglichen. Er unterscheidet sich von allen heutigen und wahrscheinlich auch von den fossilen Vertretern dieser Familie in der Verschmelzung des aufsteigenden und des Gelenkfortsatzes des Praemaxillares und einem relativ geradem Maxillare, das eine prominente dorsale Ausbuchtung (“Kamm”) aufweist. Darüber hinaus unterscheidet er sich von den meisten heutigen und fossilen Leiognathidae in der Kombination folgender Merkmale: Mehrreihig stehende, villiförmige Zähne im Ober- und Unterkiefer; die Ausbildung von drei Supraneuralia; vierte Dorsal- und dritte Analflossen-Stacheln mit einem glatten Vorderrand; feine, längsachsenorientierte Öberflächenriefelung sowohl der neuralen und hämalen Dornfortsätze der Wirbelkörper, als auch der Flossenträger und -Stacheln der Rücken- und Afterflosse; verdickte, aber medial nicht plattig verbreiterte distale Enden der neuralen und ventralen Dornfortsätze des vierten präuralen Zentrums; keine Hypuralplatten-Verschmelzung im Schwanzflossen-Stützskelett; eine Beschuppung, die sich cranial bis auf die Occipital- und Otical-Region ausdehnt, aber nicht den Wangenbereich erfasst. In etlichen Merkmalszügen lässt der hier beschriebene Fund Ähnlichkeiten mit Leiognathoides altapinna erkennen, einer Art, die von gleichalten Lokalitäten in der Schweiz und in Russland bekannt ist. Es gibt aber auch Unterschiede, die möglicherweise auf eine neue Art hinweisen. Mit dem bislang vorliegenden einzigen Exemplar kann jedoch nicht entschieden werden, ob diese tatsächlich auch taxonomisch signifikant sind. Es wird daher der Gattung Leiognathoides als cf. L. altapinna zugeordnet. Die oligozänen bzw. unter-miozänen Leiognathiden aus Frankreich und Tschechien unterscheiden sich eindeutig vom hier beschriebenen Fund und gehören möglicherweise noch nicht einmal in die Gattung Leiognathoides. Das Vorkommen eines Leiognathiden im Oligozän der Grube Unterfeld legt darüber hinaus ein tropisch-subtropisches Klima und Anbindungen an die östliche Paratethys nahe.

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Acknowledgements

Stefan Kampa (Viernheim) gave us the fossil specimens under reasonable conditions; Tilman Alpermann (Senckenberg Museum and Research Institute, Frankfurt a.M.) and Cynthia Klepadlo (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University San Diego) helped with the loan of extant materials for comparisons; Wolfgang Fuhrmannek (HLMD) took the photographs included in most figures; Růžena Gregorová (Moravian Museum Brno) made it possible to investigate the Czech specimens in her collection and added useful information to the manuscript; François Thirion (Muséum Cuvier, Montbéliard) facilitated access to the Froidefontaine materials and also provided photographs; Olivier Schmidt (Natural History Museum Basel) permitted the loan of the type specimen of Leiognathoides altapinna; Loïc Costeur (Natural History Museum Basel), Thierry Malvesy (Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Neuchâtel) and Andrè Pharisat (Étrabonne Community) helped with useful information and also participated in the investigation and discussion of morphological details of the Froidefontaine materials at the Muséum Cuvier; Oliver Rauhut (Ludwigs-Maximillians University Munich) provided photographs of “Caprosbrevirostris. Thomas M. Ulber (Bredell, SA; www.herprint.com) improved the English used in the manuscript. The research performed by Alexandre Bannikov was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Project No. 14-04-00005. Giorigio Carnevale (Department of Earth Sciences, Torino University) and Jürgen Kriwet (Palaeontological Institute, Vienna University) critically reviewed the manuscript and provided useful suggestions for improvements.

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Micklich, N., Bannikov, A.F. & Yabumoto, Y. First record of ponyfishes (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) from the Oligocene of the Grube Unterfeld (“Frauenweiler”) clay pit. PalZ 91, 375–398 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-017-0340-1

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