Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Novel Metastable Nonequiatomic Ti-Zr-Nb-Mo Medium-Entropy Alloys with High Yield-Strength-to-Elastic-Modulus Ratios

  • Published:
Metals and Materials International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, novel nonequiatomic Ti-rich Ti-Zr-Nb-Mo medium-entropy alloys (Ti-MEAs) with a metastable body-centered cubic structure were designed using Mo equivalent theory ([Mo]eq) for biomedical applications. The Ti65-Zr20-Nb14-Mo1 (at%; Ti65-M1) and Ti65-Zr18-Nb16-Mo1 (at%; Ti65-M2) exhibited high yield strength of 1188 and 1118 MPa, respectively. Notably, the moduli of Ti65-M1 and Ti65-M2 were as low as 67.4 and 61 GPa, respectively, which were considerably lower than those of commercial biomedical alloys and several biomedical HEAs/MEAs. Transmission electron microscopy images indicated that Ti65-M2 reached a metastable state, resulting in a low elastic modulus. Furthermore, the yield-strength-to-elastic-modulus ratios (× 1000) of Ti65-M1 and Ti65-M2 were as high as 17.6 and 18.3, respectively, which were approximately three times greater than that of a commercial Ti-6Al-4V ELI implant. This study applied metastable theory for developing two metastable Ti-MEAs with low elastic moduli.

Graphic Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D.R. Sumner, J.O. Galante, Ciln. Orthop. Relat. Res. 274, 202 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  2. G. Yamako, D. Janssen, S. Hanada, T. Anijs, K. Ochiai, K. Totoribe, E. Chosa, N. Verdonschot, J. Biomech. 63, 135 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Niinomi, M. Nakai, J. Hieda, Acta Biomater. 8, 3888 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. S.-P. Wang, J. Xu, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 73, 80 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Motallebzadeh, N.S. Peighambardoust, S. Sheikh, H. Murakami, S. Guo, D. Canadinc, Intermetallics 113, 106572 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. V.T. Nguyen, M. Qian, Z. Shi, T. Song, L. Huang, J. Zou, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 742, 762 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Iijima, T. Nagase, A. Matsugaki, P. Wang, K. Ameyama, T. Nakano, Mater. Design 202, 109548 (2021)

  8. M. Niinomi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 243, 231 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Helth, S. Pilz, T. Kirsten, L. Giebeler, J. Freudenberger, M. Calin, J. Eckert, A. Gebert, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 65, 137 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Biesiekierski, J. Lin, Y. Li, D. Ping, Y. Yamabe-Mitarai, C. Wen, Acta Biomater. 48, 461 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Biesiekierski, J. Lin, K. Munir, S. Ozan, Y. Li, C. Wen, Sci. Rep. 8, 5737 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. W. Weng, A. Biesiekierski, J. Lin, S. Ozan, Y. Li, C. Wen, Appl. Mater. Today 22, 100968 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. C. Suwanpreecha, E. Alabort, Y.T. Tang, C. Panwisawas, R.C. Reed, A. Manonuku, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 812, 141081 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. R.P. Kolli, A. Devaraj, Metals 8, 506 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Y.B. Zhou (ed.), Introduction to Titanium Alloy Casting (Aviation Industry Press, Beijing, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  16. H.-C. Hsu, S.-C. Wu, S.-K. Hsu, J.-Y. Syu, W.-F. Ho, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 568, 1 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Y.L. Hao, S.J. Li, S.Y. Sun, C.Y. Zheng, Q.M. Hu, R. Yang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 091906 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. B. Jiang, Q. Wang, D. Wen, F. Xu, G. Chen, C. Dong, L. Sun, P.K. Liaw, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 687, 1 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. B. Jiang, Q. Wang, X. Li, C. Dong, F. Xu, H. He, L. Sun, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 48, 3912 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. P.S. Nnamchi, C.S. Obayi, I. Todd, M.W. Rainforth, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 60, 68 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Ikehata, N. Nagasako, T. Furuta, A. Fukumoto, K. Miwa, T. Saito, Phys. Rev. B 70, 174113 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Long, H.J. Rack, Biomaterials 19, 1621 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. S.S. Sidhu, H. Singh, M.A.-H. Gepreel, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 121, 111661 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. K.-K. Wong, H.-C. Hsu, S.-C. Wu, W.-F. Ho, J. Alloy. Compd. 868, 159137 (2021)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. ASTM F136-13, Standard Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R56401) (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2013)

    Google Scholar 

  26. ASTM F138-19, Standard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-25Molybdenum Stainless Steel Bar and Wire for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673) (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2019)

    Google Scholar 

  27. ASTM F1537-20, Standard Specification for Wrought Cobalt-28Chromium-6Molybdenum Alloys for Surgical Implants (UNS R31537, UNS R31538, and UNS R31539) (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2020)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Q. He, Y. Yang, Front. Mater. 5, 42 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. S. Guo, C. Ng, J. Lu, C.T. Liu, J. Appl. Phys. 109, 103505 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. T.D. White, P.A. Folkens, The Human Bone Manual (Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  31. N.S. Sverdlova, U. Witzel, J. Biomech. 43, 387 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. P.-F. Yang, M. Sanno, B. Ganse, T. Koy, G.-P. Bruggemann, L.P. Müller, J. Rittweger, PLoS ONE 9, e94525 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. E.F. Morgan, G.U. Unnikrisnan, A.I. Hussein, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 20, 119 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. A. Guha, H.E. Boyer, T.L. Gall, Metals Handbook (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, 1985), pp. 133-136

    Google Scholar 

  35. J.W. Edington, Practical Electron Microscopy in Materials Science (Macmillan, New York, 1975), pp. 98–99

    Google Scholar 

  36. M. Niinomi, T. Hattori, K. Morikawa, T. Kasugam, A. Suzuki, H. Fukui, S. Niwa, Mater. Trans. 43, 2970 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. L.-C. Zhang, L.-Y. Chen, Adv. Eng. Mater. 21, 1801215 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. D. de Fontaine, N.E. Paton, J.C. Williams, Acta Metall. 19, 1153 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. M.K. Koul, J.F. Breedis, Acta Metall. 18, 579 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. J.C. Ho, E.W. Collings, Phys. Rev. B 6, 3727 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. R. Wang, Y. Tang, S. Li, Y. Ai, Y. Li, B. Xiao, L. Zhu, X. Liu, S. Bai, J. Alloy. Compd. 825, 154099 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. W.F. Ho, C.P. Ju, J.H.C. Lin, Biomaterials 20, 2115 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. M.T. Mohammed, Z.A. Khan, A.N. Siddiquee, Int. J. Mater. Metall. Eng. 8, 822 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the partial financial support provided by the National University of Kaohsiung. The authors would also like to thank Miss L.Z. Wang of National Sun Yat-sen University for assisting with the TEM photographs (EM0000011300) used in our research (MOST110-2731-M-110-001; MOST108-2731-M-110-001; MOST107-2731-M-110-001; MOST106-2731-M-110-001).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, 700 Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan

    Ka-Kin Wong & Wen-Fu Ho

  2. Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 40601, Taiwan

    Hsueh-Chuan Hsu & Shih-Ching Wu

Authors
  1. Ka-Kin Wong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hsueh-Chuan Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shih-Ching Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wen-Fu Ho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wen-Fu Ho.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wong, KK., Hsu, HC., Wu, SC. et al. Novel Metastable Nonequiatomic Ti-Zr-Nb-Mo Medium-Entropy Alloys with High Yield-Strength-to-Elastic-Modulus Ratios. Met. Mater. Int. 28, 2563–2570 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01122-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01122-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation