Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Grade 2 Processed by ECAP (Route C)

  • Published:
Metals and Materials International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present work the properties of titanium grade 2 after ECAP processing with original route and regimes (route C, channel angle \(\varPhi\) = 120°, deformation temperature 300 °C, number of passes up to 8) were examined. Texture development and microstructure parameters after ECAP processing and after recrystallization were determined using electron back scatter diffraction and analysed. A significant increase of the mechanical strength accompanied by some increase of ductility was observed in the deformed samples. The kernel average misorientation and average grain orientation spread were strongly increased after deformation, which confirms the material refinement and fragmentation. The proportion of low angle boundaries increased after four ECAP passes, but after four consecutive passes high angle grain boundaries became predominant. No deformation twins were observed after four and eight ECAP passes. The material recrystallized after deformation retained a fine grain microstructure. The textures of deformed and recrystallized samples were determined. It was found that texture after 8 passes is more homogeneous that that after 4 passes, which partly explains higher ductility of this first sample.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L. Mishnaevsky Jr., E. Levashov, R.Z. Valiev, J. Segurado, I. Sabirov, N. Enikeev, S. Prokoshkin, A.V. Solov’yov, A. Korotitskiy, E. Gutmanas, I. Gotman, E. Rabkin, S. Psakh’e, L. Dluhos, M. Seefeldt, A. Smolin, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 81, 1 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. R.Z. Valiev, A.P. Zhilyaev, T.G. Langdon, Bulk Nanostructured Materials: Fundamentals and Applications (Wiley, Hoboken, 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  3. A. Azushima, R. Kopp, A. Korhonen, D.Y. Yang, F. Micari, G.D. Lahoti, P. Groche, J. Yanagimoto, N. Tsuji, A. Rosochowski, A. Yanagida, Severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes for metals. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 57, 716 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. R.Z. Valiev, R.K. Islamgaliev, I.V. Alexandrov, Prog. Mater Sci. 45, 103 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. R.Z. Valiev, T.G. Langdon, Prog. Mater Sci. 51, 881 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. G.J. Raab, R.Z. Valiev, T.C. Lowe, Y.T. Zhu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 382, 30 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Wronski, J. Tarasiuk, B. Bacroix, K. Wierzbanowski, H. Paul, Mater. Charact. 78, 60 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. W. Pachla, M. Kulczyk, M. Sus-Ryszkowska, A. Mazur, K.J. Kurzydlowski, J. Mat. Proc. Technol. 205, 173 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, T. Sakai, R.G. Hong, Scr. Mater. 39, 1221 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Korbel, W. Bochniak, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 134, 120 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A.P. Zhilyaev, T.G. Langdon, Prog. Mater Sci. 53, 893 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Wroński, K. Wierzbanowski, M. Wrobel, S. Wronski, B. Bacroix, Met. Mater. Int. 21, 805 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Wronski, K. Wierzbanowski, S. Wronski, B. Bacroix, M. Wróbel, A. Uniwersał, I.O.P.C. Ser, Mat. Sci. Eng. 82, 012074 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  14. S. Wroński, K. Wierzbanowski, B. Bacroix, M. Wróbel, E. Rauch, F. Montheillet, M. Wroński, Arch. Metall. Mater. 54, 89 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  15. S. Wronski, M. Wrobel, A. Baczmanski, K. Wierzbanowski, Mater. Charact. 77, 116 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. G.S. Dyakonov, E. Zemtsova, S. Mironov, I.P. Semenova, R.Z. Valiev, S.L. Semiatin, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 648, 305 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. D.V. Gunderov, A.V. Polyakov, I.P. Semenova, G.I. Raab, A.A. Churakova, E.I. Gimaltdinova, I. Sabirov, J. Segurado, V.D. Sitdikov, I.V. Alexandrov, N.A. Enikeev, R.Z. Valiev, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 562, 128 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M.J. Qarni, G. Sivaswamy, A. Rosochowski, S. Boczkal, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 699, 31 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. S.D. Terhune, D.L. Swisher, K. Oh-Ishi, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, T.R. McNelley, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33, 2173 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. L.S. Tóth, R. Arruffat Massion, L. Germain, S.C. Baik, S. Suwas, Acta Mater. 52, 1885 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Suwas, R. Arruffat-Massion, L.S. Tóth, A. Eberhardt, J.-J. Fundenberger, W. Skrotzki, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 37, 739 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. W. Skrotzki, N. Scheerbaum, C.-G. Oertel, R. Arruffat-Massion, S. Suwas, L.S. Toth, Acta Mater. 55, 2013 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. I. Beyerlein, L.S. Tóth, C.N. Tome, S. Suwas, Phil. Mag. 87, 885 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. De J. Messemaeker, B. Verlinden, J. Van Humbeeck, Acta Mater. 53, 4245 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. A. Bhaumik, S. Biswas, S. Suwas, R.K. Ray, D. Bhattacharjee, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 40A, 2729 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. A.A. Gazder, F. Dalla Torre, C.F. Gu, C.H.J. Davies, E.V. Pereloma, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 415, 126 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. A.A. Gazder, W. Cao, C.H.J. Davies, E.V. Pereloma, Sci. Eng. A 497, 341 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Li, A.A. Gazder, I.J. Beyerlein, E.V. Pereloma, C.H.J. Davies, Acta Mater. 54, 1087 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. S. Suwas, G. Gottstein, R. Kumar, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 471, 1 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. B. Beausir, S. Suwas, L.S. Tóth, K.W. Neale, J.-J. Fundenberger, Acta Mater. 56, 200 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. S.R. Agnew, J.A. Horton, T.M. Lillo, D.W. Brown, Scr. Mater. 50, 377 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. S.R. Agnew, P. Mehrotra, T.M. Lillo, G.M. Stoica, P.K. Liaw, Acta Mater. 53, 3135 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Biswas, S.S. Dhinwal, A. Bhowmik, S. Suwas, Mater. Sci. Forum 343, 584 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Y. Zhang, R.B. Figueiredo, S.N. Alhajeri, J. Tao Wang, N. Gao, T.G. Langdon, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 528, 7708 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. X. Zhao, X. Yang, X. Liu, X. Wang, T.G. Langdon, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 527, 6335 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Xirong, Z. Xicheng, F. Wenjie, Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 38, 955 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. S. Suwas, B. Beausir, L.S. Tóth, J.-J. Fundenberger, G. Gottstein, Acta Mater. 59, 1121 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. G.S. Dyakonov, C.F. Gu, L.S. Toth, R.Z. Valiev, I.P. Semenova, I.O.P. C, Ser. Mat. Sci. Eng. 63, 012067 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Y.J. Chen, Y.J. Li, J.C. Walmsley, S. Dumoulin, P.C. Skaret, H.J. Roven, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 789 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Y.J. Chen, Y.J. Li, J.C. Walmsley, S. Dumoulin, S.S. Gireesh, S. Armada, P.C. Skaret, H.J. Roven, Scr. Mater. 64, 904 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. X. Sun, Y. Guo, Q. Wei, Y. Li, S. Zhang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 669, 226 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. K. Piękoś, J. Tarasiuk, K. Wierzbanowski, B. Bacroix, Comp. Mat. Sci. 42, 584 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. K. Wierzbanowski, J. Tarasiuk, B. Bacroix, K. Sztwiertnia, P. Gerber, Recrystallization Textures—Two Types of Modelling. Met. Mater. Int. 9, 9 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. M. Marciszko, A. Baczmański, K. Wierzbanowski, M. Wróbel, C. Braham, J.-P. Chopart, A. Lodini, J. Bonarski, L. Tarkowski, N. Zazi, Appl. Surf. Sci. 266, 256 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. A. Baczmański, N. Hfaiedh, M. François, K. Wierzbanowski, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 501, 153 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. K. Kowalczyk-Gajewska, K. Sztwiertnia, J. Kawałko, K. Wierzbanowski, M. Wronski, K. Frydrych, S. Stupkiewicz, H. Petryk, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 637, 251 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the Polish National Centre of Science (NCN) for supporting the present work by grant: DEC-2015/19/D/ST8/00818. Also AGH statutory funding No. 11.11.220.01/5 is acknowledged. R. Z. Valiev appreciates the RZV Grant No 14.B25.31.0017 from the Russian Federal Ministry for Education and Science.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland

    M. Wroński, K. Wierzbanowski, D. Wojtas & E. Szyfner

  2. Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 12 K. Marx Street, 450000, Ufa, Russian Federation

    R. Z. Valiev

  3. Laboratory for Mechanics of Bulk Nanomaterials, Saint Petersburg State University, 28 Universitetsky prospekt, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia

    R. Z. Valiev

  4. AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland

    J. Kawałko & K. Berent

  5. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Reymonta 25, 30-059, Kraków, Poland

    K. Sztwiertnia

Authors
  1. M. Wroński
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Wierzbanowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Wojtas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. E. Szyfner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. R. Z. Valiev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. Kawałko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. K. Berent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. K. Sztwiertnia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Wierzbanowski.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wroński, M., Wierzbanowski, K., Wojtas, D. et al. Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Grade 2 Processed by ECAP (Route C). Met. Mater. Int. 24, 802–814 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-018-0096-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-018-0096-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation