Effect of calcination temperature and atmosphere on crystal structure of BaTiO₃ nanofibers

Abstract

Barium titanate (BaTiO₃, BT) nanofibers with a diameter range of 160 nm to 300 nm were prepared by drying electrospun BT/polyvinylpyrrolidone (BT/PVP) composite fibers for 1 h at 80 °C in vacuum with a subsequent calcination in air for 1 h at a temperature range of 650 °C to 750 °C. The morphology and crystal structure of calcined BT nanofibers were characterized with the aid of XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM. The XRD and FR-IR measurements confirm that BT nanofibers with a diameter of about 160 nm and a tetragonal perovskite structure were present in the electrospun fibers after calcination for 1 h at 750 °C. The FR-IR analysis of the BT fibers reveals that the intensity level of the O-H stretching vibration bands (at 3430 cm⁻¹ and 1425 cm⁻¹) become weaker as the calcination temperature is increased and that a broad band at 570 cm⁻¹, which represents the Ti-O vibration, appears sharper and narrower after calcination at 750 °C due to the formation of metal oxide bonds. In contrast, BT fibers prepared by a refluxing process in a nitrogen atmosphere show a dramatic change in crystal structure: the tetragonal structure changes to a cubic perovskite structure, probably due to the suppression of carbonate contamination. Thus, the calcination temperature and atmosphere appear to have a significant influence on the crystal structure of BT.