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Independent and Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health Among a Global Sample of 200,743 Adults

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Abstract

Background

Previous research has demonstrated that both sleep and physical activity (PA) are independently associated with various indicators of mental health among adults. However, their joint contribution to mental health has received limited attention. The present study used cross-sectional data from the Mental Health Million Project to examine the independent and joint effects of sleep and PA on mental health among a global sample of adults, and whether these effects differ among individuals receiving mental health treatment.

Method

The sample included 200,743 participants (33.1% young adults, 45.6% middle-aged adults, 21.3% older adults; 57.6% females, 0.9% other) from 213 countries, territories, and archipelagos worldwide that completed a comprehensive 47-item assessment of mental health including both problems (i.e., ill-being) and assets (i.e., well-being): the Mental Health Quotient. Participants also reported their weekly frequency of PA and adequate sleep, and mental health treatment status. A series of generalized linear mixed models were computed.

Results

Independent dose-response associations were observed, whereby greater amounts of PA and adequate sleep were each associated with better mental health. In addition, a synergistic interaction was observed in which the positive correlation of PA with mental health was strengthened with greater frequency of adequate sleep. These benefits were less pronounced among adults receiving mental health treatment.

Conclusion

While findings suggest sleep can help to offset the negative influence of a physically inactive lifestyle (and vice versa), our results point to a “more is better” approach for both behaviors when it comes to promoting mental health.

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Notes

  1. For analytic purposes, we included responses up until the release of the Arabic version of the MHQ in November 2021 as not all Arabic responses were translated into English. Pilot data collected prior to April 9, 2020, was collected using prior versions of the MHQ (versions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3) and therefore excluded. Additionally, a new version of the MHQ was launched in January 2022; and therefore, only responses on versions 2.0 through 2.8 of the MHQ were included.

  2. A small proportion of MHQ scores fall below - 100 due to the way that the MHQ score algorithm is calculated. This procedure ensures that the negative MHQ scores are more evenly distributed across the negative score window.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Denver M. Y. Brown & Itamar Lerner

  2. School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    John Cairney

  3. Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catherines, Canada

    Matthew Y. Kwan

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  1. Denver M. Y. Brown
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Conceptualization (DB), methodology (DB), formal analysis (DB), data curation (DB), writing–original draft (DB), writing–review and editing (IL, JC, MK).

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Brown, D.M.Y., Lerner, I., Cairney, J. et al. Independent and Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health Among a Global Sample of 200,743 Adults. Int.J. Behav. Med. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-024-10280-8

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