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Tracking kelp-type seaweed fuel in the archaeological record through Raman spectroscopy of charred particles: examples from the Atacama Desert coast

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Abstract

The use of seaweed as fuel has been mentioned in ethnographic and historical sources of different coastal regions. Nevertheless, the archaeological record of seaweed burning is still limited to contexts where preservation is exceptional and macroscopic discrimination of charred remains is possible. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy in discriminating seaweed vs. plant/wood char. Our dataset (N = 92) consists of modern and archaeological seaweed and plant/wood charred remains, including specimens of unknown origin from the Atacama Desert coast, Northern Chile. The charred samples were processed to obtain 13 parameters which were then fed into five supervised machine learning models. The models, built on samples of known origin (seaweed and plant/wood), performed remarkably well in terms of accuracy, kappa, sensitivity, and specificity. The models were used for final predictions on 10 non-identified archaeological charcoals. Our results suggest that Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning techniques is a robust methodology for discriminating seaweed and plant/wood charred remains in the archaeological record. The predictions on unknown samples confirm that seaweed was used as fuel in a specific funerary ritual in the southern Atacama Desert coast around 5000 cal BP. Furthermore, charred specimens of Lessonia spp. recovered from combustion features in other northern Chile coastal settlements, suggest that seaweed pyrotechnology developed by Atacama Desert coast people is likely a long-term process. As for coastal archaeology, this work encourages new research on seaweed as an alternative/main fuel in coastal deserts and evaluates possible bias for chronologies from coastal archaeological settlements around the globe.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during the current work are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

The R code generated for the statistical analysis of Raman parameters is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Notes

  1. In Quechua language, huiro means “branch” (van Kessel 1988). Along the coast of Perú and northern Chile, huiro is commonly used to refer to kelp seaweed species (order Laminariales), including huiro negro (Lessonia berteroana), huiro palo (Lessonia trabeculata), and huiro canutillo or sargazo (Macrocystis pyrifera) (van Kessel 1988; see also de Ovalle 1949; Masuda 1985; Borie et al. 2006; Araos et al. 2018).

  2. Orilleros are contemporary hunter-gatherer-fishers who exploit seashore resources along the seashore using traditional and elementary techniques (Escobar 2015).

  3. In a critical revision of seaweed macroremains recovered in several preceramic sites along the Peruvian coast, Bonavia (1982) established that Macrocystis pyrifera constitutes the main taxa. Given that this species does not belong to the genera locally used for food purposes, the author suggests its use as fuel (see Bonavia 2015).

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge to Arturo Peña and Javier Vargas for allowing us to perform the experimental burnings of the Taller de Cerámica of the Universidad de Tarapacá. We also like to thank Bastian Julio, Elard Daulsberg, Juan González, and Magdalena García for their help in the recollection, experiments, and botanical information, respectively. We also thank Marcela Sepúlveda – FONDECYT 1130808 for letting us study the PM-15 site.

Funding

The present study was supported by the Universidad de Tarapacá (Chile) through the research grants UTA MAYOR 3754 (2021–2022) – “Uso de algas como combustible en sitios arqueológicos de la costa desértica de Atacama: una aproximación arqueomética” and UTA MAYOR 367122 (2022–2024) – “Estudio multiproxy para el reconocimiento de algas en rasgos de combustión arqueológicos de la costa del Desierto de Atacama” (Universidad de Tarapacá, Chile). D.Z. received financial support from the Arqueología, desiertos costeros y visibilización de recursos naturales Project (PIE 190405, CSIC) and ARVCODA – Arqueología de los Recursos Vegetales en la Costa del Desierto de Atacama project (Fundación PALARQ, CSIC). The studied samples were obtained during archaeological excavations or samplings performed in the following projects: FONDECYT 1151203; FONDECYT POSTDOC 3150664; and Quebrada Blanca Phase 2 (QB2) project – Compañía Minera Teck Quebrada Blanca S.A.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile

    Luca Sitzia & Sebastián Vivanco

  2. Laboratorio de Análisis e Investigaciones Arqueométricas, Museo Arqueológico San Miguel de Azapa, Arica, Chile

    Luca Sitzia & Sebastián Vivanco

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo R.P. Gustavo Le Paige, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile

    Ximena Power & César Borie

  4. HUMANE Research Group, Institució Milà i Fontanals de Investigación en Humanidades, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), C/ Egipcíaques 15, Barcelona, Spain

    Debora Zurro

  5. Bordeaux, France

    Jean Paul Maalouf

  6. Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile

    José Cárcamo

  7. Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile

    Kristopher Chandía

  8. CEAMAR - Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ambientes Marinos, Eduardo de La Barra 210, La Serena, Chile

    J. M. Alonso Vega

  9. División Arqueología Museo de La Plata (Laboratorio 129), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

    Constanza Roa

  10. Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Coyhaique, Chile

    Constanza Roa

  11. Museo de Historia Natural de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Claudia Silva

  12. Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (FACSO), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Diego Salazar

  13. Arica, Chile

    Valentina Hernández & Catalina Aliste

  14. Villarica, Chile

    Sebastián Ibacache

  15. Santiago, Chile

    Rodrigo Lorca

Authors
  1. Luca Sitzia
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  2. Ximena Power
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Contributions

Luca Sitzia performed the conceptualization, investigation, bibliographic review, methodology and writing (original draft), visualization, and funding acquisition. Ximena Power performed the conceptualization, investigation, bibliographic review, methodology and writing (original draft), and visualization. Debora Zurro realized the investigation, methodology, conceptualization and writing (original draft), funding, and acquisition. Jean Paul Maalouf performed the validation (software (R), formal analysis (Machine Learning), data curation, and review and editing. José Cárcamo performed the formal analysis (Raman Spectroscopy), investigation, review and editing. Kristopher Chandía performed validation (software Matlab), formal Analysis (Spectra treatment), and data curation. Alonso Vega contributed to the investigation, review and editing. Conastanza Roa contributed to the investigation, review and editing, and resources. Claudia Silva contributed to the investigation, review and editing, and resources. Diego Salazar performed the review and editing and resources. Sebastian Vivanco performed the formal analysis (Raman spectroscopy). Valentina Hernandez contributed to the investigation, review and editing, and resources. Catalina Aliste contributed to the investigation, review and editing, and resources. Sebastián Ibacache contributed to the review and editing, and resources. Rodrigo Lorca contributed to the review and editing and resources.

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Correspondence to Luca Sitzia.

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Sitzia, L., Power, X., Zurro, D. et al. Tracking kelp-type seaweed fuel in the archaeological record through Raman spectroscopy of charred particles: examples from the Atacama Desert coast. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 15, 179 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01860-y

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