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Investigation of provenances of Early Islamic lead glazes from northern Central Asia using elemental and lead isotope analyses

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Abstract

A representative collection of Early Islamic glazed ceramics from eleven sites in southern Kazakhstan were characterized by compositional (n = 95) and lead isotope analysis (n = 33). The ceramics, which date from the 9–15th c. CE were examined to determine the glaze type, colorants, and opacifiers used by local craftsmen. Several distinct glaze types are present including transparent high-lead glaze (n = 66) and opaque high-lead glaze (n = 10), of which tin-opacified glazes, tin- and antimony-opacified glazes, and antimony-opacified glazes were all identified. The occurrence of antimony-opacified glazes and tin- and antimony-opacified glazes is unattested in this region in the Early Islamic Period and indicates that the local craftsmen in southern Kazakhstan are innovating in their production of opaque glazed ceramics using local raw materials. Lead isotope analysis was employed to identify potential sources of lead, and the results indicate that the craftsmen were obtaining lead from at least two different sources for their glazed production. Using a large comparative database and through the application of Euclidean distance, we were able to identify potential ore deposits from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, including deposits that were active silver mines during the Medieval Period. These ore sources were local and suggest that potters were obtaining lead for glaze production from within larger acquisition networks. One cluster of samples (n = 8) had a distinct isotopic signature that matched a unique deposit in Xinjiang, China, which indicates craftsmen were not strictly using local sources, but also obtaining lead through long-distance trade networks.

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Availability of data and material

The data used for this work is included in the Supplementary Material.

Code availability

Not applicable.

Notes

  1. PCA is a pattern recognition technique often used to investigate archaeological datasets. One of the strengths of PCA is that it can simultaneously display both variables (measured elements) and objects (individual analyzed samples) on the sample set of principal component reference axes. This is discussed by Baxter (1992), Baxter and Buck (2000), and Neff (1994, 2002).

  2. Burnished red slips are discussed in the “Central Asia” article in (2009) Bloom, J., & Blair, S. (Eds.), The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. Pg 421.

  3. http://www.stansenergy.com/K_History.htm

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Acknowledgements

The Institute of Archaeology of Kazakhstan provided the ceramics for analysis, and we thank them for their ongoing support and collaboration. We would like to extend our thanks to the two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on this article. The authors would like to thank Brandi MacDonald for her thoughtful feedback and Laure Dussubieux for her assistance with the LA-ICP-MS and her feedback on the article. We are grateful to Jay Stephens and Mark Baker (University of Arizona) for their assistance with the lead isotope sampling. We are also grateful to Dr. Kenneth Domanik (Electron Microprobe Lab, Lunar and Planetary Science Department, University of Arizona) for assistance with the electron microprobe analysis.

Funding

This research was funded through the National Science Foundation (grant #BCS-1916298). The Archaeometry Laboratory at MURR is supported by the National Science Foundation (grant #BCS-1912776), and the acquisition of the Nu Plasma II MC-ICP-MS at MURR was funded by the National Science Foundation (grant #BCS-0922374). The acquisition of the Thermo ICAP Q ICP-MS at the Field Museum was funded by the NSF (grant #BCS-1531394).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Catherine Klesner

  2. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, New York, NY, USA

    Catherine Klesner

  3. Archaeometry Laboratory, Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    Virginie Renson

  4. Laboratory of Archaeological Technologies, Institute of Archaeology Named A.Kh. Margulan, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Yeraly Akymbek

  5. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Yeraly Akymbek

  6. School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    David Killick

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  2. Virginie Renson
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  3. Yeraly Akymbek
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  4. David Killick
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Contributions

C. Klesner designed the project with input from D. Killick and V. Renson. Y. Akymbek provided the samples and contributed information on the archaeological context. Sample preparation and microprobe analyses were conducted by C. Klesner. V. Renson carried out the MC-ICP-MS analyses. The manuscript was written by C. Klesner, and all authors contributed to sections of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript before submission.

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Correspondence to Catherine Klesner.

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Klesner, C., Renson, V., Akymbek, Y. et al. Investigation of provenances of Early Islamic lead glazes from northern Central Asia using elemental and lead isotope analyses. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 13, 203 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01444-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01444-8

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