Abstract
The kappa parameter (κ), which represents the ground motion characteristic in high frequencies (> 1 Hz), is modeled by the linear attenuation of acceleration spectra composed of the corner and maximum frequencies. Within this context, it was aimed to determine the high-frequency attenuation parameter (kappa) values for 161 strong ground motion stations operated by Turkey’s Disaster and Emergency Management Authority Presidential of Earthquake Department in the Marmara Region; 6648 three-component acceleration records of 1459 earthquakes were used that have occurred between the years of 1991 and 2019; the magnitudes were in the range of 2.5 ≤ ML ≤ 6.5, and the epicentral distances were less than 200 km. Signal processes were fulfilled cautiously for a fair comparison in order to calculate the kappa parameters accurately. Near-field earthquakes were bandpass filtered and windowed, and signal-to-noise ratios were regarded for per step of calculations. Kappa parameter calculation was performed according to slope evaluation between the corner and maximum frequencies in the Fourier domain for the shear wave phase of acceleration records. It was observed that the values of calculated κ0 from the station-based kappa-epicentral distance change between 0.0051–0.0748 s and 0.0074–0.0646 s for horizontal and vertical components, respectively. κ0 values obtained from the change of kappa-epicentral distance were calculated as 0.0295–0.0269 s, 0.0312–0.0303 s, 0.0427–0.0402 s, and 0.0469–0.0407 s for NEHRP site classes A, B, C, and D, respectively, and a correlation was determined between κ0 values and Vs30. For the stations whose shear wave velocities are not available, site classification was tried to be estimated according to the correlation between the same site classes. The average κ0 value for the whole region was found to be 0.0436 s and 0.0394 s for horizontal and vertical components, respectively. In addition, the relationship between kappa values and earthquake magnitude was investigated, and a linear relationship was found between κ and magnitude.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akıncı A, Malagnini L, Herrmann RB, Gök R, Sørensen MB (2006) Ground motion scaling in the Marmara Region, Turkey. Geophys J Int 166:635–651
Al Atik L, Kottke A, Abrahamson N, Hollenback J (2014) Kappa (κ) scaling of ground-motion prediction equations using an inverse random vibration theory approach. Bull Seismol Soc Am 104:336–346
Anderson JG, Hough SE (1984) A model for the shape of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration at high frequencies. Bull Seismol Soc Am 74:1969–1993
Anderson JG, Humphrey JR (1991) A least squares method for objective determination of earthquake source parameters. Seismol Res Lett 62:3–4
Askan A, Şişman FN, Pekcan O (2014) a regional near-surface high frequency spectral attenuation (kappa) model for Northwestern Turkey. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.06.007
Atkinson GM (1996) The high-frequency shape of the source spectrum for earthquakes in Eastern and Western Canada. Bull Seismol Soc Am 86:106–112
Atkinson GM, Silva W (1997) An empirical study of earthquake source spectra for California earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 87(1):97–113
Atkinson GM, Boore DM (2006) Earthquake ground motion prediction equations for Eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 96(6):2181–2205
Awasthi DK, Shende VJ, Gupta ID (2010) Estimation of κ factor for two types of sites in Northeast India. Indian Geotechnical Conference, Mumbai, December 16–18
Baltay AS, Hanks TC (2014) Understanding the magnitude dependence of PGA and PGV in NGA-West2 data. Bull Seismol Soc Am 104(6):2851–2865
Beresnev IA, Atkinson GM (1997) Modeling finite-fault radiation from the ωn spectrum. Bull Seismol Soc Am 87:67–84
Beresnev IA, Atkinson GM (1998) FINSIM—a FORTRAN program for simulating stochastic acceleration time histories from finite faults. Seismol Res Lett 69:27–32
Beresnev IA (2002) Source parameters of earthquakes in Eastern and Western North America based on finite fault modeling. Bull Seismol Soc Am 92:695–710
Boore DM (2003) Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method. Pure Appl Geophys 160:635–676
Bora SS, Cotton F, Scherbaum F, Edwards B, Traversa P (2017) Stochastic source, path and site attenuation parameters and associated variabilities for shallow crustal European earthquakes, Bull Earthquake Eng. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0167-x
Building Seismic Safety Council (2003) NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures and accompanying commentary and maps FEMA 450. Chapter 3, 17–49
Campbell KW (2003) Prediction of strong ground motion using the hybrid empirical method and its use in the development of ground motion (attenuation) relations in eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93:1012–1033
Campbell KW (2009) Estimates of shear-wave Q and κ0 for unconsolidated and semiconsolidated sediments in Eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 99:2365–2392
Chandler AM, Lam NT, Tsang HH (2006) Near surface attenuation modelling based on rock shear wave velocity profile. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 26:1004–1014
Chang SC, Wen KL, Huang MW, Kuo CH, Lin CM, Chen CT, Huang JY (2019) The high frequency decay parameter (kappa) in Taiwan. Pure App Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024019-02219-y
Chapman M, Talwani P, Cannon RC (2003) Ground motion attenuation in the Atlantic coastal plain near Charleston South Carolina. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93:998–1011
Chapman M, Conn A (2016) A model for Lg propagation in the Gulf Coastal Plain of the southern United States. Bull Seismol Soc Am. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150197
Cotton F, Scherbaum F, Bommer JJ, Bungum H (2006) Criteria for selecting and adjusting ground motion models for specific target regions: application to Central Europe and rock sites. J Seismolog 10:137–156
Darragh R, Wong I, Silva W (2019) Evaluating kappa, Q(f) and stress parameter in the southern rocky mountains of Central Colorado. Bull Seismol Soc Am 109:586–599
Deif A, Abed A, Abdel-Rahman K, Moneim EA (2011). Strong ground motion attenuation in Aswan area, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0103-8
Douglas J, Bungum H, Scherbaum F (2006) Ground motion prediction equations for southern Spain and southern Norway obtained using the composite model perspective. J Earthquake Eng 10:33–72
Douglas J, Gehl P, Bonilla LF, Gélis C (2010) A κ model for mainland France. Pure Appl Geophys 167:1303–1315
Durukal E (2002) Critical evaluation of strong motion in Kocaeli and Düzce (Turkey) earthquakes. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 22:589–609
Durukal E, Çatalyürekli Y (2004) Spectral analysis of source parameters of the 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce earthquake aftershock sequences. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Canada, 1–6 August 2004
Edwards B, Fäh D, Giardini D (2011) Attenuation of seismic shear wave energy in Switzerland. Geophys J Int 185:967–984
European Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC) https://www.emsccsem.org/Earthquake/?filter=yes. Accessed 18 October 2019
Fahjan Y, Zeytinci A, Mert A (2009) Assessment of synthetic accelerograms for dynamic analyses of structures. International Earthquake Symposium, Kocaeli, 17–19 August 2009
Fernández AI, Castro RR, Huerta CI (2010) The spectral decay parameter kappa in Northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Bull Seismol Soc Am 100:196–206
Gentili S, Franceschina G (2011) High frequency attenuation of shear waves in the Southeastern Alps and Northern Dinarides. Geophys J Int 185:1393–1416
Gok E, Polat O (2012) Microtremor HVSR study of site effects in Bursa City (Northern Marmara Region. INTECH Open Access Publisher, Turkey)
Gok E, Chávez-García FJ, Polat O (2014) Effect of soil conditions on predicted ground motion: case study from Western Anatolia, Turkey. Phys Earth Planet Inter 229:88–97
Graves RW, Pitarka A (2010) Broadband ground-motion simulation using a hybrid approach. Bull Seismol Soc Am 100:2095–2123
Huang M-W, Wen K-L, Chang S-C, Chang C-L, Liu S-Y, Chen K-P (2017) The high-cut parameter (kappa) for the near-surface geology in and around the Taipei Basin. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Taiwan. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160070
Kalafat D (2016) Statistical evaluation of Turkish earthquake data (1900–2015): A Case Study. Eastern Anatolian Journal of Science 2:14–36
Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/zeqdb/indexeng.asp. Accessed 01 October 2019
Ktenidou O-J, Cotton F, Drouet S, Chaljub M, Theodulidis N (2012) Kappa (κ): estimates, origins & correlation to site characterisation parameters. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, 3–7 December 2012
Ktenidou O-J, Drouet S, Theodulidis N, Chaljub M, Arnaouti S, Cotton F (2012) Estimation of kappa (κ) for a sedimentary basin in Greece (EUROSEISTEST): correlation to site characterization parameters. Proc. 15th World Conf. of Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 24–28 September 2012
Ktenidou O-J, Cotton F, Abrahamson NA, Anderson JG (2014) Taxonomy of κ: a review of definitions and estimation approaches targeted to applications. Seismol Res Lett 85:135–146
Ktenidou O-J, Abrahamson NA, Drouet S, Cotton F (2015) Understanding the physics of kappa (κ): insights from a downhole array. Geophys J Int 203:678–691
Kumar S, Kumar D, Rastogi BK, Singh AP (2018) Kappa (κ) model for Kachchh Region of Western India. Geomat Nat Haz Risk. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2018.1447025
Kumar V, Chopra S, Choudhury P, Kumar D (2020) Estimation of near surface attenuation parameter kappa (κ) in Northwest and Northeast Himalaya region. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106237
Kurtuluş C, Sertçelik F, Sertçelik İ, Kuru T, Tekin K, Ateş E, Apak A, Kökbudak D, Sezer S, Yalçın D (2019) Ulusal Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi Kayıt İstasyonlarının Zemin Parametrelerinin Belirlenmesi, AFAD, UDAP-G-15–04
Laurendeau A, Cotton F, Ktenidou O-J, Bonilla L-F, Hollender F (2013) Rock and stiff soil site amplification: dependency on Vs30 and kappa (κ0). Bull Seismol Soc Am 103:3131–3148
Liu Z, Wuenscher ME, Herrmann RB (1994) Attenuation of body waves in the central New Madrid seismic zone. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84:1112–1122
Livaoğlu H, Irmak TS (2017) An empirical relationship between seismic bedrock depth and fundamental frequency for Degirmendere (Kocaeli-Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences vol.76
Mai PM, Imperatori W, Olsen KB (2010) Hybrid broadband ground-motion simulations: combining long-period deterministic synthetics with high-frequency multiple S-to-S backscattering. Bull Seismol Soc Am 100:2124–2142
Ma J, Dong L, Zhao G, Li X (2018) Qualitative method and case study for ground vibration of tunnels induced by fault-slip in underground mine. Rock Mech Rock Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1631-x
Ma J, Dong L, Zhao G, Li X (2019) Ground motions induced by mining seismic events with different focal mechanisms. Int Rock Mech Min Sci 116:99–110
Margaris BN, Boore DM (1998) Determination of Δσ and κ0 from response spectra of large earthquakes in Greece. Bull Seismol Soc Am 88:170–182
Mittal H, Sharma B, Chao W-A, Wu Y-M, Lin T-L (2020) Chingtham P (2020) A comprehensive analysis of attenuation characteristics using strong ground motion records for the central seismic gap Himalayan Region. India Journal of Earthquake Engineering 10(1080/13632469):1768969
National Strong Motion Network Database of Turkey (TR-NSMN) http://kyhdata.deprem.gov.tr/2k/kyhdata_v4.php. Accessed 01 October 2019
Neighbors C, Liao EJ, Cochran ES, Funning GJ, Chung AI, Lawrence JF, Christensen C, Miller M, Belmonte A, Andres Sepulveda HH (2015) Investigation of the high frequency attenuation parameter, κ (kappa), from aftershocks of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile Earthquake. Geophys J Int. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu390
Papageorgiou AS, Aki K (1983) A specific barrier model for the quantitative description of inhomogeneous faulting and the prediction of strong ground motion I. Description of the Model. Bull Seismol Soc Am 73:693–722
Parolai S, Bindi D, Durukal E, Grosser H, Milkereit C (2007) Source parameters and seismic moment–magnitude scaling for Northwestern Turkey. Bull Seismol Soc Am 97:655–660
Purvance MD, Anderson JG (2003) A comprehensive study of the observed spectral decay in strong motion accelerations recorded in Guerrero, Mexico. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93:600–611
Sertçelik F, Akçay D (September 2019) Livaoğlu H (2019) Marmara Bölgesi’ndeki Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi İstasyonları İçin Spektral Azalım Parametresinin (kappa) Belirlenmesi. VI. International Earthquake Symposium, Kocaeli, Turkey, pp 25–27
Silva W, Darragh R, Gregor N, Martin G, Abrahamson N, Kircher C (1998) Reassessment of site coefficients and near-fault factors for building code provisions. Technical Report Program Element II: 98-HQGR-1010 Pacific Engineering and Analysis, El Cerrito, USA
Sokolov VY, Loh CH, Wen KL (2004) Evaluation of generalized site response functions for typical soil classes (B, C, and D) in Taiwan. Earthq Spectra 20:1279–1316
Stanko D, Markušić S, Ivančić I, Mario G, Gülerce Z (2017) preliminary estimation of kappa parameter in Croatia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/95/3/032014
Toro GR, Abrahamson N, Schneider JF (1997) Model of strong ground motions from earthquakes in central and eastern North America: best estimates and uncertainties. Seismol Res Lett 68:41–57
Uğurhan B, Askan A (2011) Kuzey Anadolu Fay Hattında Hibrid Yer Hareketi Simülasyonları. 1st Turkish Earthquake Engineering and Seismology Conference, METU, Ankara, 11–14 October 2011
Van Houtte C, Drouet S, Cotton F (2011) Analysis of the origins of κ (kappa) to compute hard rock to rock adjustment factors for GMPEs. Bull Seismol Soc Am 101:2926–2941
Van Houtte C, Larkin T, Ktenidou O-J, Holden C (2013) Engineering application of high frequency ground motions in Christchurch. NZSEE Conference
Van Houtte C, Ktenidou OJ, Larkin T, Holden C (2014) Hard-site κ0 (kappa) calculations for Christchurch, New Zealand, and comparison with local ground motion prediction models. Bull Seismol Soc Am 104:1899–1913
Van Houtte C, Ktenidou O-J, Larkin T, Holden C (2018) A continuous map of near-surface S-wave attenuation in New Zealand. Geophys J Int 213:408–425
Yadav R, Kumar D, Chopra S (2018) The high frequency decay parameter κ (kappa) in the region of North East India. Open Journal of Earthquake Research 7:141–159
Zandieh A, Campbell KW, Pezeshk S (2016) Estimation of κ0 implied by the high-frequency shape of the NGAWest2 ground motion prediction equations. Bull Seismol Soc Am 106:1342–1356
Acknowledgements
This study is partially funded by Turkey’s Disaster and Emergency Management Authority Presidential of Earthquake Department. The project number: UDAP G-18-03.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Longjun Dong
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sertcelik, F., Akçay, D., Livaoglu, H. et al. The spectral decay parameter kappa in Marmara Region, Turkey. Arab J Geosci 15, 271 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09308-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09308-0