Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bestaat online-gameverslaving?

Een crossdisciplinaire benadering

  • Published:
Verslaving

In dit artikel proberen we een antwoord te vinden op de vraag of excessief compulsief online-gamen een verslaving kan worden genoemd. Hiervoor is bestaande literatuur onderzocht vanuit verschillende wetenschappelijke perspectieven. We bespreken het concept verslaving, de sociale inbedding van de problematiek, criteria om verslavingen te diagnosticeren en aanvullingen uit de neurowetenschappen. De belangrijkste conclusie is dat problematisch online-gamen dermate grote gelijkenissen vertoont met gok- en middelenverslavingen, dat deze goed met elkaar vergeleken kunnen worden. We beargumenteren dat een gameverslaving waarschijnlijk in sterkte verschilt van klassieke verslavingen, maar dat de aard van het probleem hetzelfde is.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. We gebruiken in het artikel het woord ‘verslaving’ op twee manieren: in brede zin verwijzend naar wat verschillende wetenschappers en specialisten onder verslaving verstaan (zowel middelgebonden als gedragsverslaving) en in enge zin wanneer we specifiek verwijzen naar de diagnose verslaving uit de DSM-5. Alleen wanneer we specifiek naar de DSM-IV-TR verwijzen, gebruiken we het woord afhankelijkheid.

  2. Uit het Engels vertaald door de auteurs.

  3. We richten ons hier op online-videogames, dat wil zeggen, de games waarin niet gegokt wordt (zoals bij online-gokken).

Literatuur

  • American Psychiatric Association (2012). DSM-V. Internet: www.dsm5.org/proposedrevisions/pages/substance-relateddisorders.aspx (18-02-2012).

  • Bailey, K., West, R. & Anderson, C.A. (2010). A negative association between video game experience and proactive cognitive control. Psychophysiology, 47, 34-42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Block, J.J. (2008). Issues for DSM-V: internet addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 306-307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, M. (2008). Lost in the web: compulsive video gaming a commentary on the controversy about video game addiction and how to identify and treat this new type of compulsive behavior. Virtual Mentor, 10, 17-20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, S. (2003). Preference for online social interaction: a theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30, 625-648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton, J.P. & Danforth, I.D. (2007). Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 1531-1548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R.A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17, 187-195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Entertainment and software association (2009). Video games and families. Internet: www.theesa.com/gamesindailylife/families.pdf (22-06-2010).

  • Gentile, D. (2009). Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: a national study. Psychological Science, 20, 594-602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, R.Z., Tomasi, D., Rajaram, S., Cottone, L.A., Zhang, L., e.a. (2007). Role of the anterior cingulate and medial orbitofrontal cortex in processing drug cues in cocaine addiction. Neuroscience, 144, 1153-1159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goudriaan, A.E., Oosterlaan, J. & Brink, W. van den (2006). Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: a comparison with alcohol dependence, Tourette syndrome and normal controls. Addiction, 101, 534-547

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M. (2000). Does internet and computer ‘addiction’ exist? Some case study evidence. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 3, 211-18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M. (2010). The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: some case study evidence. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8, 119-125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M.D. & Davies, M.N. (2005). Does video game addiction exist? In J. Raessens & J. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of computer game studies (pp. 359-369). Cambridge: MA MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, D.H., Bolo, N., Daniels, M.A., Arenella, L., Lyoo, I.K. & Renshaw, P.F. (2011). Brain activity and desire for internet video game play. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52, 88-95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellman, M., Schoenmakers, T.M., Nordstrom, B.R. & Holst, R.J. van (2012). Is there such a thing as online video game addiction? A cross-disciplinary review. Addiction Research and Theory, early online.

  • Hendriks, V.M., Meerkerk, G.J., Oers, H.A. van & Garretsen, H.F. (1997). The Dutch instant lottery: prevalence and correlates of at-risk playing, Addiction, 92, 335-346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holst, R.J. van, Brink, W. van den, Veltman, D.J. & Goudriaan, A.E. (2010). Why gamblers fail to win: a review of cognitive and neuroimaging findings in pathological gambling. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 87-107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain, Z., Griffiths, M.D. & Baguley, T. (2011). Online gaming addiction: classification, prediction and associated risk factors. Addiction Research and Theory, early online.

  • Kalivas, P.W. & Volkow, N.D. (2005). The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1403-1413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, A. & Berridge, K. (2002). The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 3306-2211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ko, C-H., Yen, J-Y., Chen, C.-C., Chen, S.H. & Yen, C.-F. (2005). Gender differences and related factors affecting online gaming addiction among Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 273-277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koob, G.F., Ahmed, S.H., Boutrel, B., Chen, S.A., Kenny, P.J., e.a. (2004). Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 739-749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosten, T.R., Scanley, B.E., Tucker, K.A., Oliveto, A., Prince, C., e.a. (2006). Cue-induced brain activity changes and relapse in cocaine-dependent patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 644-650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, S., Vollstadt-Klein, S., von der Goltz, C., Flor, H., Mann, K. & Kiefer, F. (2009). Attentional bias in alcohol-dependent patients: the role of chronicity and executive functioning. Addiction Biology, 14, 194-203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehroof, M. & Griffiths, M.D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13, 313-316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, B.D. & Wiemer-Hastings, P. (2005). Addiction to the internet and online gaming. Addiction, 8, 110-114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orford, J. (2001). Addiction as excessive appetite. Addiction, 96, 15-31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S., Kim, J. & Cho, C. (2008). Prevalence of internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescence, 43, 895-909.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peukert, P., Sieslack, S., Barth, G. & Batra, A. (2010). Internet- und computerspielabhängigkeit: Phänomenologie, komorbidität, ätiologie, diagnostik und therapeutische implikationen für betroffene und angehörige. Psychiatrische Praxis, 37, 219-224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T.E. & Berridge, K.C. (2008). The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 363, 3137-3146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rooij, A.J. van, Shoenmakers, T.M., Eijnden, R.J.J.M. van de & Mheen, D. van de (2010). Compulsive internet use: the role of online gaming and other internet applications. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 51-57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, N.E. (2008). A comment on ‘problems with the concept of video game ‘addiction’: some case study examples. International Journal of Mental Health, 6, 186-190.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanCott, R.D. (2008). Ghost at the machine: internet addiction and compulsive computer use. Accessible at: Internet: dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/45341 (20-01-2012).

  • Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S. & Wang, G.J. (2002). Role of dopamine in drug reinforcement and addiction in humans: results from imaging studies. Behavioral Pharmacology, 13, 355-366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wang, G.J., Baler, R. & Telang, F. (2008). Imaging dopamine’s role in drug abuse and addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56(Supplement 1), 3-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, D. (2002). On the embodiment of addiciton. Body and Society, 8, 1-19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiers, R.W., Bartholow, B.D., Wildenberg, E. van den, e.a. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Biochemistry, 86, 263-283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wightman, R.M. & Robinson, D.L. (2002). Transient changes in mesolimbic dopamine and their association with ‘reward’. Journal of Neurochemistry, 82, 721-735.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.J. & Levin, F.R. (2001). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 3, 497-506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IVO Instituut voor Onderzoek naar Leefwijzen en Verslaving, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Tim Schoenmakers

  2. Center for Research on Addiction, Control and Governance (CEACG), Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Matilda Hellman

  3. Geisel School of Medicine te Dartmouth, Dartmouth, The Netherlands

    Benjamin Nordstrom

  4. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Ruth van Holst

Authors
  1. Tim Schoenmakers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matilda Hellman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Benjamin Nordstrom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ruth van Holst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

onderzoekscoördinator

postdoctoraal onderzoeker

Assistant Professor of Psychiatry

Dit artikel is gebaseerd op een eerder gepubliceerde Engelstalige publicatie van dezelfde auteurs (Hellman e.a., 2012), geschreven als onderdeel voor de IVO Master Class Behavioral Addictions (2010).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schoenmakers, T., Hellman, M., Nordstrom, B. et al. Bestaat online-gameverslaving?. VERSLAVING 8, 4–15 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12501-012-0037-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12501-012-0037-9

Search

Navigation