Skip to main content
Log in

Tutor Spotter: Proposing a Feature Set and Evaluating It in a Robotic System

  • Published:
International Journal of Social Robotics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

From learning by observation, robotic research has moved towards investigations of learning by interaction. This research is inspired by findings from developmental studies on human children and primates pointing to the fact that learning takes place in a social environment. Recently, driven by the idea that learning through observation or imitation is limited because the observed action not always reveals its meaning, scaffolding or bootstrapping processes supporting learning received increased attention. However, in order to take advantage of teaching strategies, a system needs to be sensitive to a tutor as children are. We therefore developed a module allowing for spotting the tutor by monitoring her or his gaze and detecting modifications in object presentation in form of a looming action. In this article, we will present the current state of the development of our contingency detection system as a set of features.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Asada M, Hosoda K, Kuniyoshi Y, Ishiguro H, Inui T, Yoshikawa Y, Ogino M, Yoshida C (2009) Cognitive developmental robotics: A survey. IEEE Trans Auton Ment Dev 1(1):12–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bavelas J, Coates L, Johnson T (2002) Listener responses as a collaborative process: The role of gaze. J Commun 52(3):566–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bigelow A, Birch S (1999) The effects of contingency in previous interactions on infants’ preference for social partners. Infant Behav Dev 22(3):367–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Brand R, Baldwin D, Ashburn L (2002) Evidence for ‘motionese’: modifications in mothers’ infant-directed action. Dev Sci 5(1):72–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Brugman H, Russel A (2004) Annotating multimedia/multi-modal resources with elan. In: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on language resources and evaluation. Citeseer, pp 2065–2068

    Google Scholar 

  6. Cangelosi A, Metta G, Sagerer G, Nolfi S, Nehaniv C, Fischer K, Tani J, Belpaeme T, Sandini G, Nori F et al (2009) Integration of action and language knowledge: A roadmap for developmental robotics. IEEE Trans Auton Ment Dev 99:1

    Google Scholar 

  7. Clark H, Brennan S (1991) Grounding in communication

  8. Csibra G (2010) Recognizing communicative intentions in infancy. Mind Lang 25(2):141–168

    Google Scholar 

  9. Csibra G, Gergely G (2005) Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy. Processes of change in brain and cognitive development. Atten Perform 21

  10. Csibra G, Gergely G (2009) Natural pedagogy. Trends Cogn Sci 13(4):148–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Eliëns A Object-oriented software development

  12. Estigarribia B, Clark E (2007) Getting and maintaining attention in talk to young children. J Child Lang 34(04):799–814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Fasel I, Butko N, Movellan J (2007) Modeling the embodiment of early social development and social interaction: Learning about human faces during the first six minutes of life. In: Society for Research in Child Development biennial meeting

    Google Scholar 

  14. Fischer K (2011) Interpersonal variation in understanding robots as social actors. In: Proceedings of HRI’11, pp 53–60

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fogel A, Garvey A (2007) Alive communication. Infant Behav Dev 30(2):251–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Gergely G, Watson J (1996) The social biofeedback theory of parental affect-mirroring: The development of emotional self-awareness and self-control in inf. Int J Psycho-Anal 77:1181–1212

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gergely G, Watson J (1999) Early socio-emotional development: Contingency perception and the social-biofeedback model. Early social cognition: Understanding others in the first months of life, pp 101–136

  18. Gogate L, Bahrick L, Watson J (2000) A study of multimodal motherese: The role of temporal synchrony between verbal labels and gestures. Child Dev 71(4):878–894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kato H (1999) Artoolkit. http://www.hitl.washington.edu/artoolkit/

  20. Kaye K (1982) The mental and social life of babies: How parents create persons. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  21. Keller H, Lohaus A, Völker S, Cappenberg M, Chasiotis A (1999) Temporal contingency as an independent component of parenting behavior. Child Dev 70(2):474–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kindermann T (1993) Natural peer groups as contexts for individual development: The case of children’s motivation in school. Dev Psychol 29(6):970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lee J, Kiser J, Bobick A, Thomaz A (2011) Vision-based contingency detection. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on human-robot interaction. ACM, New York, pp 297–304

    Google Scholar 

  24. Legerstee M (2005) Infants’ sense of people: precursors to a theory of mind. Cambridge Univ Pr, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Lohan KS, Gieselmann S, Vollmer AL, Rohlfing K, Wrede B (2010) Does embodiment effect tutoring behavior?

  26. Lohse M, Hanheide M, Pitsch K, Rohlfing K, Sagerer G (2009) Improving HRI design by applying systemic interaction analysis (SINA). Interact Stud 10(3):298–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Machines S (2009) faceapi

  28. Markova G, Legerstee M (2006) Contingency, imitation, and affect sharing: Foundations of infants’ social awareness. Dev Psychol 42(1):132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Matatyaho D, Gogate L (2008) Type of maternal object motion during synchronous naming predicts preverbal infants’ learning of word–object relations. Infancy 13(2):172–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Metta G, Fitzpatrick P, Natale L (2006) Yarp: yet another robot platform. Int J Adv Robotics Syst 3(1):43–48

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mondloch C, Lewis T, Budreau D, Maurer D, Dannemiller J, Stephens B, Kleiner-Gathercoal K (1999) Face perception during early infancy. Psychol Sci 10(5):419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Movellan J (2005) An infomax controller for real time detection of social contingency

  33. Muir D, Lee K (2003) The still-face effect: Methodological issues and new applications. Infancy 4(4):483–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Nagai Y (2005) Joint attention development in infant-like robot based on head movement imitation. In: Proceedings of the third international symposium on imitation in animals and artifacts, pp 87–96

    Google Scholar 

  35. Nehaniv C, Dautenhahn K (2001) Like me?-measures of correspondence and imitation. Cybern Syst 32(1):11–51

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  36. Okanda M, Itakura S (2006) Development of contingency: How infants become sensitive to contingency? In: Proc of the XVth biennial international conference on infant studies, Kyoto, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pascalis O, Kelly D (2009) The origins of face processing in humans: Phylogeny and ontogeny. Perspectives Psychol Sci 4(2):200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Pitsch K, Koch B (2010) How infants perceive the toy robot pleo. An exploratory case study on infant-robot-interaction

  39. Pitsch K, Vollmer A, Fritsch J, Wrede B, Rohlfing K, Sagerer G (2009) On the loop of action modification and the recipient’s gaze in adult-child interaction. In: Gesture and speech in interaction, Poznan, Poland

    Google Scholar 

  40. Regan D, Beverley K (1978) Looming detectors in the human visual pathway. Vis Res 18(4):415–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Rohlfing K, Fritsch J, Wrede B, Jungmann T (2006) How can multimodal cues from child-directed interaction reduce learning complexity in robots? Adv Robot 20(10):1183–1199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Schegloff E (2007) Sequence organization in interaction: A primer in conversation analysis I. Cambridge Univ Pr, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  43. Senju A, Csibra G (2008) Gaze following in human infants depends on communicative signals. Curr Biol 18(9):668–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Shotton J, Fitzgibbon A, Cook M, Sharp T, Finocchio M, Moore R, Kipman A, Blake A Real-time human pose recognition in parts from single depth images

  45. Slater A, Quinn P, Kelly D, Lee K, Longmore C, McDonald P, Pascalis O (2010) The shaping of the face space in early infancy: Becoming a native face processor. Child Dev Perspectives 4(3):205–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Striano T, Henning A, Stahl D (2005) Sensitivity to social contingencies between 1 and 3 months of age. Dev Sci 8(6):509–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Sumioka H, Yoshikawa Y, Asada M (2008) Development of joint attention related actions based on reproducing interaction contingency. In: 7th IEEE international conference on development and learning, 2008, ICDL 2008, pp 256–261

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  48. Sumioka H, Yoshikawa Y, Asada M (2010) Reproducing interaction contingency toward open-ended development of social actions: Case study on joint attention. IEEE Trans Auton Ment Dev 2(1):40–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Tanaka F, Cicourel A, Movellan J (2007) Socialization between toddlers and robots at an early childhood education center. Proc Nat Acad Sci 104(46):17,954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Tomasello M, Carpenter M, Call J, Behne T, Moll H (2005) Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behav Brain Sci 28(05):675–691

    Google Scholar 

  51. Tomasello M, Farrar M (1986) Joint attention and early language. Child Dev 57(6):1454–1463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Tronick E (1978) The structure of face-to-face interaction and its developmental functions. Sign Lang Stud

  53. Vollmer AL, Pitsch K, Lohan KS, Fritsch J, Rohlfing K, Wrede B (2010) Developing feedback: How children of different age contribute to an interaction with adults. In: International conference on development and learning

    Google Scholar 

  54. Watson J (1985) Contingency perception in early social development. In: Social perception in infants, pp 157–176

    Google Scholar 

  55. Wrede B, Rohlfing K, Hanheide M, Sagerer G (2009) Towards learning by interacting. In: Creating brain-like intelligence: from basic principles to complex intelligent systems, pp 139–150

    Google Scholar 

  56. Wrede S, Hanheide M, Bauckhage C, Sagerer G (2004) An active memory as a model for information fusion. In: Proc int conf on information fusion, Citeseer, vol 1, pp 198–205

    Google Scholar 

  57. Yamazaki A, Yamazaki K, Kuno Y, Burdelski M, Kawashima M, Kuzuoka H (2008) Precision timing in human-robot interaction: coordination of head movement and utterance. In: Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, New York, pp 131–140

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  58. Zukow-Goldring P, Arbib M (2007) Affordances, effectivities, and assisted imitation: Caregivers and the directing of attention. Neurocomputing 70(13-15):2181–2193

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katrin S. Lohan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lohan, K.S., Rohlfing, K.J., Pitsch, K. et al. Tutor Spotter: Proposing a Feature Set and Evaluating It in a Robotic System. Int J of Soc Robotics 4, 131–146 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-011-0125-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-011-0125-8

Keywords

Navigation