Abstract
In 1967, Andén, Fuxe, and Ungerstedt demonstrated the presence of monoamine-containing fibers in the rat cerebellum. Over the past 50 years, this finding has provided clinical relevance of the noradrenergic system to the cerebellum. Cerebellar dysfunction and noradrenergic system may relate to tremor in Parkinson disease and essential tremor, motor learning, and the vestibulo–ocular reflex in spinocerebellar ataxias. Cognition and emotion may also be linked to the cerebellar noradrenergic system, in relation to the symptoms of Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Despite recent technological advances in neuroimaging for evaluating the noradrenergic system, we need more evidence to understand the precise pathophysiological relationship between the cerebellum and the noradrenergic system and its clinical implications.
Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Alzheimer disease
- ADHD:
-
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- ET:
-
Essential tremor
- LC:
-
Locus coeruleus
- NA:
-
Noradrenaline
- PD:
-
Parkinson disease
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- VOR:
-
Vestibulo–ocular reflex
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This study was supported in part by the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 18K07543.
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SH wrote and conceptualized the main manuscript and text; AS wrote, reviewed, and edited the text; KA reviewed and edited the manuscript and supervised the manuscript.
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PET scan was performed under the approval of the institutional review board of the National Institute for Quantum Science and Technology with written consent.
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Hirano, S., Sugiyama, A. & Arai, K. Noradrenergic Pathway to the Cerebellum: the Study Must Go On. Cerebellum 22, 1052–1054 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-022-01479-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-022-01479-0