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RNA-based nanomedicines and their clinical applications

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Abstract

RNA-based nanomedicines encompass a range of therapeutic approaches that utilize RNA molecules or molecules that target RNAs for the treatment or prevention of diseases. These include antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNAs (mRNAs), clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), single guide RNAs (sgRNAs), as well as RNA aptamers. These therapeutic agents exert their effects through various mechanisms such as gene inhibition, addition, replacement, and editing. The advancement of RNA biology and the field of RNA therapy has paved the way for the development and utilization of RNA-based nanomedicine in human healthcare. One remarkable example of RNA-based nanomedicine is the mRNA-based vaccines including mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) that have been successfully employed in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This review aims to highlight the advantages of RNA-based nanomedicines, provides an overview of significant developments in delivery systems, elucidates the molecular mechanisms of action underlying RNA-based nanomedicines, and discusses their clinical applications. Additionally, the review will address the existing challenges and innovations in delivery platforms while exploring the future possibilities for these promising RNA-based nanomedicines.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32371458), the Key Research and Development Programs of the Ministry of Science and Technology (No. 2022YFA1205700), and the Basic Research Cooperation Special Foundation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Nos. H2022205047, 22JCZXJC00060, and E3B33911DF). Y.-X. L. thanks the start-up funding from the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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  1. Lin-Jia Su, Zi-Han Ji, Mo-Xi Xu, and Jia-Qing Zhu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China

    Lin-Jia Su, Zi-Han Ji, Mo-Xi Xu, Jia-Qing Zhu, Yi-Hai Chen, Jun-Fei Qiao, Yi Wang & Yao-Xin Lin

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100149, China

    Zi-Han Ji, Mo-Xi Xu & Yao-Xin Lin

  3. Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China

    Yi-Hai Chen

  4. School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China

    Jun-Fei Qiao

  5. Institute of Bioengineering and Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland

    Yi Wang

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Su, LJ., Ji, ZH., Xu, MX. et al. RNA-based nanomedicines and their clinical applications. Nano Res. 16, 13182–13204 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6238-5

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