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Cardiac Metabolism, Reprogramming, and Diseases

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Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for the largest bulk of deaths worldwide, posing a massive burden on societies and the global healthcare system. Besides, the incidence and prevalence of these diseases are on the rise, demanding imminent action to revert this trend. Cardiovascular pathogenesis harbors a variety of molecular and cellular mechanisms among which dysregulated metabolism is of significant importance and may even proceed other mechanisms. The healthy heart metabolism primarily relies on fatty acids for the ultimate production of energy through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Other metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, and ketone bodies come next. Under pathological conditions, there is a shift in metabolic pathways and the preference of metabolites, termed metabolic remodeling or reprogramming. In this review, we aim to summarize cardiovascular metabolism and remodeling in different subsets of CVD to come up with a new paradigm for understanding and treatment of these diseases.

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Abbreviations

ACC2:

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2

ACSL1:

Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1

ATGL:

Adipose triglyceride lipase

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BCKD:

Branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase

BDH1:

β-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1

CPT1:

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

DGAT1:

Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1

EAA:

Excitatory amino acid

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

FAS:

Fatty acid synthase

GLUT:

Glucose transporter

LATs:

L-type amino acid transporters

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

MPC1:

Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1

mTORC1:

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

OXCT1:

3-Oxoacid CoA transferase 1

PFK2:

Phosphofructokinase 2

PFK1:

Phosphofructokinase 1

PNPLA2:

Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2

PON1:

Paraoxonase 1

PON2:

Paraoxonase 2

PPARA:

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor alpha

PPARD:

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor delta

PPARG:

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma

PPARGC1A:

PPARG coactivator 1 alpha

PPARGC1B:

PPARG coactivator 1 beta

PPM1K:

Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1K

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCOT:

Succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase

SLC2A1:

Solute carrier family 2 member 1

SLC2A4:

Solute carrier family 2 member 4

SLC16A1:

Solute carrier family 16 member 1

SLC16A7:

Solute carrier family 16 member 7

SLC27A1:

Solute carrier family 27 member 1

TBC1D1:

TBC1 domain family member 1

TBC1D4:

TBC1 domain family member 4

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070398, 81922008), Key Basic Research Projects of Basic Strengthening Plan (2022-JCJQ-ZD-095-00), and the Top Young Talents Special Support Program in Shaanxi Province (2020).

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Author notes

  1. Haichang Wang, Min Shen and Xiaofei Shu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Heart Hospital, Xi’an International Medical Center, Xi’an, China

    Haichang Wang

  2. Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032, Shaanxi, China

    Min Shen, Xiaofei Shu, Baolin Guo, Tengfei Jia, Jiaxu Feng, Zuocheng Lu, Yanyan Chen, Jie Lin, Yue Liu, Jiye Zhang & Dongdong Sun

  3. Institute for Hospital Management Research, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

    Xuan Zhang

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  1. Haichang Wang
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Wang, H., Shen, M., Shu, X. et al. Cardiac Metabolism, Reprogramming, and Diseases. J. of Cardiovasc. Trans. Res. 17, 71–84 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-023-10432-3

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