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Design and Implementation of Comprehensive Thermal Management Verification Model for Electric Vehicles Operating in Cold Climates

  • Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicle, Fuels and Lubricants, Heat Transfer, Fluid and Thermal Engineering, Vision and Sensors
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Abstract

The electrification of vehicles has become a major focus in the automotive industry due to worldwide efforts toward reducing carbon emissions and achieving sustainable mobility. However, a significant challenge in expanding electrified vehicle market is to address the issue of limited driving range, particularly in cold climates. Thus, a precise and reasonable model that integrates both the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system and the battery thermal management system is necessary to systematically analyze the system performance at early development stage. Motivated by this, we developed an electric vehicle simulator that includes an integrated thermal management system and validated it by comparing with the real experimental data, and we have demonstrated the reliability of the developed model. Using the model, we could apply various control methods, e.g., PID, model predictive control, for tracking the reference cabin temperature under various driving environments. Our findings indicate that the simplified control-oriented model can be a reliable tool for various vehicle thermal control designs. We believe that this study can provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of the thermal management system of electrified vehicles.

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Data availability

The data that supports the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

Q occ :

Heat transfer rate from occupants in the cabin (W)

ṁ :

Total coolant flow rate (kg/s)

ṁ b :

Flow rate of the coolant flows into the battery (kg/s)

ṁ c :

Flow rate of the coolant flows into the cabin (kg/s)

c c :

Specific heat capacity of the coolant (J/kg K)

A b :

Heat transfer surface area of the battery (m2)

h b :

Heat transfer coefficient (clnt and battery) (W/m2 K)

h a :

Heat transfer coefficient (air and battery) (W/m2 K)

m clnt :

Total mass of the coolant (kg)

m b :

Mass of the battery (kg)

ρ c :

Density of the coolant (kg/m3)

ΓHX :

Heat transfer coefficient between the inlet air and the coolant (W/K)

Q̇ sol :

Heat transfer rate from the sun (W)

m clnt ,b :

Mass of the coolant flows into the battery (kg)

m clnt ,c :

Mass of the coolant flows into the cabin (kg)

c a :

Specific heat capacity of the cabin air (J/kg K)

m a :

Mass of the inlet air (kg)

ṁ a :

Flow rate of the inlet air (kg/s)

m ca , cb :

Mass of the air in the cabin and body (kg)

A cb :

Heat transfer surface area (cabin air and body) (m2)

A ab :

Heat transfer surface area (ambient air and body) (m2)

α cb :

Lumped heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

α ab :

Lumped heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

c cb :

Heat capacity of the cabin body (J/kg K)

c pack :

Battery maximum capacity (Ah)

c b :

Specific heat capacity of the battery (J/kg K)

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2021R1A6A1A03043144); in part by the NRF grant, funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2021R1C1C1003464); in part by the Technology Innovation Program (‘20021926’, ‘Development of Eco-friendly Vehicle Tuning Supported Open Platform using Design and Verification Technology for Carbon Neutrality’).

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Author notes

  1. Sanghyeon Nam and Chulwoo Moon contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea

    Sanghyeon Nam, Suyong Park & Kyoungseok Han

  2. Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan, 31214, Korea

    Chulwoo Moon

  3. Korea Automotive Technology Institute Daegu Branch, Daegu, 43011, Korea

    Byeongtae Lee

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  1. Sanghyeon Nam
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Correspondence to Kyoungseok Han.

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Nam, S., Moon, C., Park, S. et al. Design and Implementation of Comprehensive Thermal Management Verification Model for Electric Vehicles Operating in Cold Climates. Int.J Automot. Technol. 25, 47–59 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00009-7

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