Abstract
The energy efficiency of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) remains to be improved, and a two-speed transmission can be regarded as a prominent technology for BEVs because the two-speed transmission can improve acceleration and powertrain efficiency. However, the transmission device requires a well-designed control strategy because the performance of the vehicle can deteriorate if the controller selects an inefficient gear step. Herein, a gear shifting control concept based on dynamic programming is proposed to maximize the system efficiency, where the shifting loss caused by shifting actuators is considered in the control problem. The performance of the proposed control concept is compared to that of a controller utilizing a shifting map obtained via quasi-static optimization. It is shown that the proposed concept improves the efficiency by 0.01 ∼ 0.4 % compared with the shifting map applied to different hysteresis gaps, and around 13 % shifting frequency reduction has been experienced while the best energy hysteresis gap is selected. In addition to improving efficiency, the control concept can be extremely beneficial to engineers who wish to design the best control strategy without calibrating the control parameters when the actuator loss is considered in the control problem.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahssan, M. R., Ektesabi, M. and Gorji, S. (2020). Gear ratio optimization along with a novel gearshift scheduling strategy for a two-speed transmission system in electric vehicle. Energies 13, 19, 5073.
Ahssan, M. R., Ektesabi, M. M. and Gorji, S. A. (2018). Electric vehicle with multi-speed transmission: A review on performances and complexities. SAE Int. J. Alternative Powertrains 7, 2, 169–181.
Gao, B. Z., Liang, Q., Xiang, Y., Guo, L. L. and Chen, H. (2015). Gear ratio optimization and shift control of 2-speed I-AMT in electric vehicle. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 50–51, 615–631.
Guanetti, J., Kim, Y. and Borrelli, F. (2018). Control of connected and automated vehicles: State of the art and future challenges. Annual Reviews in Control, 45, 18–40.
Hu, J. J., Ran, H. L., Pang, T. and Zhang, Y. (2016). Parameter design and performance analysis of shift actuator for a two-speed automatic mechanical transmission for pure electric vehicles. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 8, 8, 1687814016664257.
Krotov, V. F. (1995). Global Methods in Optimal Control Theory. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY, USA.
Lee, H., Song, C., Kim, N. and Cha, S. W. (2020). Comparative analysis of energy management strategies for HEV: Dynamic programming and reinforcement learning. IEEE Access, 8, 67112–67123.
Li, Y. H., Zhu, B., Zhan, N., Peng, H. and Chen, Y. Z. (2020). Parameters optimization of two-speed powertrain of electric vehicle based on genetic algorithm. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, 1, 1687814020901652.
Lin, C., Zhao, M. J., Pan, H. and Yi, J. (2019). Blending gear shift strategy design and comparison study for a battery electric city bus with AMT. Energy, 185, 1–14.
Liu, Y., Xie, J., Qin, D., Zhang, Y., Chen, Z., Li, G. and Zhang, Y. (2021). Design, control and validation of two-speed clutch-less automatic transmission for electric vehicle. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics 27, 3, 1299–1310.
Ngo, D. V. (2012). Gear Shift Strategies for Automotive Transmissions. Ph. D. Dissertation. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Nguyen, C. T., Walker, P. D. and Zhang, N. (2021). Optimization and coordinated control of gear shift and mode transition for a dual-motor electric vehicle. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 158, 107731.
Shaowen, L., Liyue, Y., Namwook, K. and Zheng, C. (2020). Research on speed optimization control for a group of vehicles under intelligent transportation system environments. J. Integration Technology 9, 5, 15–26.
Shen, W. C., Yu, H. L., Hu, Y. H. and Xi, J. Q. (2016). Optimization of shift schedule for hybrid electric vehicle with automated manual transmission. Energies 9, 3, 220.
Škugor, B., Deur, J. and Ivanović, V. (2016). Dynamic programming-based design of shift scheduling map taking into account clutch energy losses during shift transients. SAE Paper No. 2016-01-1116.
Tan, S. Q., Yang, J., Zhao, X. X., Hai, T. T. and Zhang, W. M. (2018). Gear ratio optimization of a multi-speed transmission for electric dump truck operating on the structure route. Energies 11, 6, 1324.
Wu, G., Zhang, X. and Dong, Z. (2013). Impacts of two-speed gearbox on electric vehicle’s fuel economy and performance. SAE Paper No. 2013-01-0349.
Xu, C., Geyer, S. and Fathy, H. K. (2019). Formulation and comparison of two real-time predictive gear shift algorithms for connected/automated heavy-duty vehicles. IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology 68, 8, 7498–7510.
Zhao, M. J., Shi, J. H., Lin, C. and Zhang, J. Z. (2018). Application-oriented optimal shift schedule extraction for a dual-motor electric bus with automated manual transmission. Energies 11, 2, 325.
Zhong, Z. M., Kong, G. L., Yu, Z. P., Chen, X. B., Chen, X. P. and Xin, X. Y. (2012). Concept evaluation of a novel gear selector for automated manual transmissions. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 31, 316–331.
Zhu, B., Zhang, N., Walker, P., Zhou, X. X., Zhan, W. Z., Wei, Y. Y. and Ke, N. J. (2015). Gear shift schedule design for multi-speed pure electric vehicles. Proc. Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D-J. Automobile Engineering 229, 1, 70–82.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (20011834, Development of application technologies for heavy duty fuel cell electric trucks using multi-input motor based 400 kW class multi speed electrified powertrain system) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Korea), National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science & ICT (MSIT) (NRF-2020R1C1C1013037), and Chinese Academy of Sciences PIFI program (2021VEB0001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, L., Park, D., Lyu, S. et al. Optimal Control for Shifting Command of Two-Speed Electric Vehicles Considering Shifting Loss. Int.J Automot. Technol. 24, 1051–1059 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-023-0086-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-023-0086-6