Diplycosia papuana (Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae): a new endemic species from central New Guinea

Diplycosia papuana (Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae), a new endemic species from central New Guinea, is described and illustrated here. Notes on the distribution, ecology and conservation status of the new species, as well as a consideration of closely related species, are provided.


Introduction
Diplycosia Blume is one of the more poorly known genera of Ericaceae in Malesia. This is true especially in New Guinea, where several species are awaiting description. During the early stage of a revision of New Guinean Diplycosia, carried out as part of an MSc project by the first author, an unidentified specimen of this genus deposited in Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) was found. This specimen was collected by the French ecologist Jean-Marie Mangen during her vegetation study in Mount Trikora (Mangen 1993). Comparison with other species, and critical examination of the pertinent literature, including Hermann Otto Sleumer's monographic work treating the Ericaceae of New Guinea (Sleumer 1942(Sleumer , 1957(Sleumer , 1961(Sleumer , 1963(Sleumer , 1964(Sleumer , 1967 and notes from Takeuchi (2007), was undertaken and the specimen did not match any previously described species. We also have studied all existing type specimens of New Guinean Diplycosia but none of them were found to be similar and, hence, we conclude that Mangen's collection is an undescribed species.
Diplycosia is strongly supported as monophyletic in molecular studies (Fritsch et al. 2011). It has several putative synapomorphies, including entire leaf margins, fasciculate inflorescences, terminal anther tubules (Sleumer 1967), and a base chromosome number of x = 18 (Argent & Brunton 1984;Middleton & Wilcock 1990). Note, however, that the most appropriate name for the genus may change after further systematic research, depending on the circumscription of the genus Gaultheria Kalm ex L. (Fritsch et al. 2011), which could be treated either as a very large genus or as a much smaller one with several related genera; we continue to use Diplycosia as currently circumscribed. Epiphytic shrubs. Twigs terete, slender, c. 2 mm diam. at the apex, with a few longitudinal fissures on the flowering parts, indumentum of subpatent bristles, varying in length, up to 3.25 mm long, base slightly thickened, blackish, persistent, fine hairs absent. Leaves rather densely arranged, circular, 1.2 -1.8 × 1.2 -2.0 cm, length per width 0.9 -1 (-1.11) times, coriaceous, apex rounded, rarely obtuse, apical gland protruding at 0.5 -0.6 mm from the edge of leaf apex, margin crenulate, revolute, teeth spaced 1.25 -2 mm apart, marginal hairs setose, rather persistent, base broadly rounded; adaxial surface of lamina with subpatent bristles, persistent, abaxial surface clad with subpatent and persistent bristles, these not distinctly thickened at the blackish base; midrib impressed above, slightly raised below, gradually narrowing to apex; 3 (-5)-plinerved, lateral pairs 1 (-2) on each side of the midrib, slightly or obscurely immersed above, curved to the apex, lowest basal nerves from the base of the lamina, reaching about half of the lamina or sometimes obscure, lowest suprabasal arising at 1 -2 mm from the lamina base, curving from a rather straight base, usually reaching the apex and anastomosing near the base of apical gland, rarely disappearing toward distal end, higher-order nerves inconspicuous. Petiole subterete, upper surface flat, 1.5 -3.25 × 1.25 mm, adaxial groove shallow, both sides with subappressed bristles, bristles blackish and slightly thickened at the base. Inflorescence axillary, 3flowered. Pedicels curving, rather slender, 7 × 0.5 mm, smooth, covered with subappressed to subpatent bristles, hairs 1 -1.25 mm long, base not thickened, blackish, persistent. Basal bracts ovate, c. 1.25 mm long, glabrous dorsally, margin fimbriate; apical bracteoles ovate, 1.25 mm long, obtuse, outside with few appressed bristles, glabrous inside, margin fimbriate. Flowers 4 -5-merous. Calyx tube turbinate, c. 1 mm long, rugulose, glabrous; lobes ovate-triangular, c. 2 × 2 mm, rugulose, apex obtuse to almost rounded, glabrous outside, margin fimbriate. Corolla urceolate, c. 3.5 mm long from the base of the tube to the apex of lobes (after rehydration), tube 2.5 × 2 mm, glabrous on both surfaces; lobes ovate-triangular, c. 1 mm long, 1.25 mm wide at the base, apex acute, glabrous on both surfaces. Stamens 8 or 10, filaments linear, c. 1.5 mm long, slightly dilated at the base, S-shaped, glabrous, anthers ovate-oblong, c. 1.4 mm long including the short apical tubules, granular, base with patent and blunt apiculus. Ovary shallowly lobed, glabrous. Nectary of 8 or 10 free lobes, twice the number of perianth segments, appressed to the ovary, oblong, c. 0.4 × 0.15 mm, blunt at apex. Style cylindrical, c. 3 × 0.2 mm, glabrous. Fruit not seen.  Recent data on the population size or label information are unavailable. Being a component of montane forest, however, this species may become susceptible to climate change in the future; this is one of most prominent environmental stresses in the tropical montane ecosystem (Raxworthy et al. 2008), as has been highlighted for the New Guinea highlands (Hope 2014). Further field research is required to provide adequate data to allow an adequate assessment. PHENOLOGY. Collected in flower in February. ETYMOLOGY. The epithet refers to the name of the type locality in Papua Province, the current geographical name of the Indonesian part of New Guinea. VERNACULAR NAME. None known. USES. None known. NOTES. The floral parts are 4 -5-merous and, in accordance with the 'usual rule' for the genus (Argent 2014), the number of stamens should be twice the number of perianth parts (i.e. calyx or corolla lobes), thus there will be 8 stamens in a 4-merous flowers and 10 in a 5-merous flower. In Diplycosia papuana, complete 4merous flowers (with stamens present within the corolla) are available, but only a single 5-merous flower bearing five calyx lobes and with the corolla and stamens fallen off is included in the specimen. From this observation, we conclude that the number of floral parts ranges from 4-to 5-merous in this species. On the basis of this character, the species is close to D. varians, a species from the eastern part of New Guinea. However, the length of the corolla in D. varians is 8 − 9 mm in the dry state (reaching 10 − 11 mm when fresh), which is distinctly larger than that for D. papuana (corolla only c. 3.5 mm long).
In addition, Sleumer (1967) used orbicular leaves in his key to lead to Diplycosia varians, but this appears to be erroneous as no such characters are mentioned in the description made by him in that account or in the protologue (Sleumer 1964). Further examination of the type of D. varians (Vink 16007), shows that the lowest length per width index was just 1.14 for one leaf (note, however, that the apex of this leaf is damaged, and this has no doubt reduced both the length of this leaf and its length per width index) but was usually 1.34 -1.41, compared to up to 0.9 -1 (-1.11) in D. papuana. Although intermediates may be revealed in future collections, the predominant leaf shape is clearly different between the two species. Therefore, the circular leaf shape (supported by the relatively low length per width index), serves as a diagnostic character of D. papuana.
Furthermore, 4-merous flowers in Diplycosia are rare not only in New Guinea but also throughout the genus. Only a few Diplycosia species are known to possess this character (Sleumer 1967;Argent 2014), which has been used as an exclusive character of a species. Just one Diplycosia species, D. kemulensis J.J.Sm., has been recorded to date with only 4-merous flowers; the presence of both 4-merous flowers and 5-merous flowers is more common and has been recorded in D. lancifolia Ridl., D. parvifolia Merr., D. stenophylla Sleumer and D. tetramera Sleumer.
Diplycosia papuana belongs to the group of seven species of New Guinea Diplycosia with small flowers with the corolla usually c. 4 mm long (or shorter), the others being: D. soror Becc. (corolla length: 3.5 mm), D. subglobularis Sleumer (2 mm), D. pendens Sleumer (3 mm), D. morobeensis Sleumer (4 mm), D. schramii Sleumer (c. 4 mm), and the most similar D. setiloba Sleumer (4 − 5 mm). Exclusively or predominantly subcircular to rounded leaves can be found in some other Diplycosia species, namely D. crenulata Sleumer, D. rubidiflora J.J.Sm., D. undata J.J.Sm. and D. scabrida Becc. All of these species are distributed outside New Guinea, and given the very local distributions of most species of Diplycosia, they are unlikely to be conspecific. Compared to other members of the genus in New Guinea, the new species described here appears to be similar to D. muscicola Sleumer and D. rosea Sleumer in having rather slender and not rigid branches, but the leaves of these two species are predominantly elliptic in shape. Phylogenetic work is needed to understand whether these are monophyletic groups and, if so, the position and relationships of D. papuana within the genus. Taxonomic information on Diplycosia in the central part of New Guinea is scarce, especially for the central cordillera mountains such as the Jayawijaya to Star Mountains. Some species recorded from this area are known only from very limited collections; for example, D. stellaris Sleumer and D. subglobularis Sleumer are each known from a single locality and from a single collection from Mount Antares in the easternmost part of Papua Province (Sleumer 1967). Some collections made after Sleumer's work in the region have resulted in range extensions for some species previously thought to have restricted distributions. licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.