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Adolescents’ Psychological Well-Being Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Internal and External Factors

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Abstract

The positive youth development (PYD) framework notes that adolescents have the strength and potential for positive development due to supportive internal and external factors, despite the challenges they face. Positive outcome of adolescents’ development and that is beneficial for their growth is psychological well-being (PWB). In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic brought many challenges to adolescent mental health. It amplified risk factors while depriving them of protective factors. The study examined the effects of various internal and external factors in predicting adolescent psychological well-being, both simultaneously and independently, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a population-based, quantitative study that used a cross-sectional design comprising of 13,072 middle and high school students from 12 provinces in Indonesia. The data were analyzed using bivariate linear regression and multiple linear regression. The final model indicated that adolescents’ psychological well-being was significantly predicted by internal (age, prosocial behavior, hyperactivity, conduct, emotional, and peer problems) and external (father’s education and participation in organized activities) factors (F(8,13063) = 710.39, p < .001, R2 = 0.303), with emotional problems (β = − 0.261) and prosocial behavior (β = 0.239) being the strongest predictors. Our results revealed that these factors, specifically internal ones, largely contribute to Indonesian adolescents’ psychological well-being.

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The authors declared that the data and the software application used in this study comply with field standards.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express tremendous gratitude to the teachers, parents, and students from the respective schools for their permission, cooperation, and participation in this study. This publication is supported by a research grant titled PUTI Q2 from Universitas Indonesia with contract number NKB-674/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2022.

Funding

This publication is supported by a research grant titled PUTI Q2 from Universitas Indonesia with grant number NKB-674/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2022.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research of Community Mental Health Initiative, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

    Nabilah Amalina Rozi & Sherly Saragih Turnip

  2. Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, 10011, USA

    Asteya Prima Percaya

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There is no obligatory requirement from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology to obtain formal ethical clearance for this study. However, we took several steps to secure ethical clearance. First, we sent formal invitation letters to selected schools to participate in the study. The prospective schools then attend an online meeting session to receive information regarding the study. The information package consists of the purpose of this study, emphasizing the voluntary nature of participation, the absence of potential harm pertaining to participation, and no consequences for withdrawal at any time. Lastly, we informed the attendees about the availability of help and further information from the research team upon the request of the schools or students on issues related to this study, which would be provided through an online messaging application. There was no reward given to the participants; however, we held a research dissemination seminar upon the completion of the data collection and analysis process, and we invited participating schools’ representatives and other stakeholders, such as parents, local governance, and organizations.

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Rozi, N.A., Percaya, A.P. & Turnip, S.S. Adolescents’ Psychological Well-Being Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Internal and External Factors. Child Ind Res 16, 2391–2412 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-023-10067-5

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